 .BR - Brazil - Brasilien
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Background: |
Following three centuries under
the rule of Portugal, Brazil became an independent nation in 1822. By far
the largest and most populous country in South America, Brazil overcame
more than half a century of military intervention in the governance of the
country when in 1985 the military regime peacefully ceded power to
civilian rulers. Brazil continues to pursue industrial and agricultural
growth and development of its interior. Exploiting vast natural resources
and a large labor pool, it is today South America's leading economic power
and a regional leader. Highly unequal income distribution remains a
pressing problem. |
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Location: |
Eastern South America,
bordering the Atlantic Ocean |
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Geographic coordinates: |
10 00 S, 55 00 W |
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Map references: |
South America |
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Area: |
total: 8,511,965 sq km
land: 8,456,510 sq km
water: 55,455 sq km
note: includes Arquipelago de Fernando de Noronha, Atol das
Rocas, Ilha da Trindade, Ilhas Martin Vaz, and Penedos de Sao Pedro e Sao
Paulo |
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Area - comparative: |
slightly smaller than the US
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Land boundaries: |
total: 14,691 km
border countries: Argentina 1,224 km, Bolivia 3,400 km,
Colombia 1,643 km, French Guiana 673 km, Guyana 1,119 km, Paraguay 1,290
km, Peru 1,560 km, Suriname 597 km, Uruguay 985 km, Venezuela 2,200 km
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Coastline: |
7,491 km |
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Maritime claims: |
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200
nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to edge of the continental
margin |
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Climate: |
mostly tropical, but temperate
in south |
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Terrain: |
mostly flat to rolling lowlands
in north; some plains, hills, mountains, and narrow coastal belt |
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Elevation extremes: |
lowest point: Atlantic
Ocean 0 m
highest point: Pico da Neblina 3,014 m |
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Natural resources: |
bauxite, gold, iron ore,
manganese, nickel, phosphates, platinum, tin, uranium, petroleum,
hydropower, timber |
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Land use: |
arable land: 6.96%
permanent crops: 0.9%
other: 92.15% (2001) |
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Irrigated land: |
26,560 sq km (1998 est.) |
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Natural hazards: |
recurring droughts in
northeast; floods and occasional frost in south |
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Environment - current issues: |
deforestation in Amazon Basin
destroys the habitat and endangers a multitude of plant and animal species
indigenous to the area; there is a lucrative illegal wildlife trade; air
and water pollution in Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, and several other large
cities; land degradation and water pollution caused by improper mining
activities; wetland degradation; severe oil spills |
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Environment - international agreements: |
party to:
Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources,
Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone
Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the
selected agreements |
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Geography - note: |
largest country in South
America; shares common boundaries with every South American country except
Chile and Ecuador |
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Population: |
186,112,794
note:
Brazil took a count in August 2000, which reported a population of
169,799,170; that figure was about 3.3% lower than projections by the US
Census Bureau, and is close to the implied underenumeration of 4.6% for
the 1991 census; estimates for this country explicitly take into account
the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life
expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and
growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex
than would otherwise be expected (July 2005 est.) |
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Age structure: |
0-14 years: 26.1% (male
24,789,495/female 23,842,715)
15-64 years: 67.9% (male
62,669,392/female 63,719,631)
65 years and over: 6% (male
4,549,552/female 6,542,009) (2005 est.) |
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Median age: |
total: 27.81 years
male: 27.06 years
female: 28.57 years (2005 est.)
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Population growth rate: |
1.06% (2005 est.) |
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Birth rate: |
16.83 births/1,000 population
(2005 est.) |
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Death rate: |
6.15 deaths/1,000 population
(2005 est.) |
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Net migration rate: |
-0.03 migrant(s)/1,000
population (2005 est.) |
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Sex ratio: |
at birth: 1.05
male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64
years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.7
male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2005
est.) |
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Infant mortality rate: |
total: 29.61
deaths/1,000 live births
male: 33.37 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 25.66 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.) |
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Life expectancy at birth: |
total population: 71.69
years
male: 67.74 years
female: 75.85 years (2005
est.) |
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Total fertility rate: |
1.93 children born/woman (2005
est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: |
0.7% (2003 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: |
660,000 (2003 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - deaths: |
15,000 (2003 est.) |
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Nationality: |
noun: Brazilian(s)
adjective: Brazilian |
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Ethnic groups: |
white 53.7%, mulatto (mixed
white and black) 38.5%, black 6.2%, other (includes Japanese, Arab,
Amerindian) 0.9%, unspecified 0.7% (2000 census) |
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Religions: |
Roman Catholic (nominal) 73.6%,
Protestant 15.4%, Spriritualist 1.3%, Bantu/voodoo 0.3%, other 1.8%,
unspecified 0.2%, none 7.4% (2000 census) |
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Languages: |
Portuguese (official), Spanish,
English, French |
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Literacy: |
definition: age 15 and
over can read and write
total population: 86.4%
male: 86.1%
female: 86.6% (2003 est.)
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Country name: |
conventional long form:
Federative Republic of Brazil
conventional short form: Brazil
local long form: Republica Federativa do Brasil
local
short form: Brasil |
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Government type: |
federative republic |
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Capital: |
Brasilia |
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Administrative divisions: |
26 states (estados, singular -
estado) and 1 federal district* (distrito federal); Acre, Alagoas, Amapa,
Amazonas, Bahia, Ceara, Distrito Federal*, Espirito Santo, Goias,
Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Para, Paraiba,
Parana, Pernambuco, Piaui, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande
do Sul, Rondonia, Roraima, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, Sergipe, Tocantins
|
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Independence: |
7 September 1822 (from
Portugal) |
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National holiday: |
Independence Day, 7 September
(1822) |
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Constitution: |
5 October 1988 |
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Legal system: |
based on Roman codes; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction |
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Suffrage: |
voluntary between 16 and 18
years of age and over 70; compulsory over 18 and under 70 years of age;
note - military conscripts do not vote |
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Executive branch: |
chief of state:
President Luiz Inacio LULA DA SILVA (since 1 January 2003); Vice President
Jose ALENCAR (since 1 January 2003); note - the president is both the
chief of state and head of government
head of government:
President Luiz Inacio LULA DA SILVA (since 1 January 2003); Vice President
Jose ALENCAR (since 1 January 2003); note - the president is both the
chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet
appointed by the president
elections: president and vice
president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms;
election last held 6 October 2002 (next to be held 1 October 2006, with a
runoff on 29 October 2006 if necessary); runoff election held 27 October
2002
election results: in runoff election 27 October 2002, Luiz
Inacio LULA DA SILVA (PT) elected with 61.3% of the vote; Jose SERRA
(PSDB) 38.7% |
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Legislative branch: |
bicameral National Congress or
Congresso Nacional consists of the Federal Senate or Senado Federal (81
seats; three members from each state and federal district elected
according to the principle of majority to serve eight-year terms;
one-third elected after a four-year period, two-thirds elected after the
next four-year period) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camara dos Deputados
(513 seats; members are elected by proportional representation to serve
four-year terms)
elections: Federal Senate - last held 6
October 2002 for two-thirds of the Senate (next to be held October 2006
for one-third of the Senate); Chamber of Deputies - last held 6 October
2002 (next to be held October 2006)
election results: Federal
Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PMBD 19, PFL 19,
PT 14, PSDB 11, PDT 5, PSB 4, PL 3, PTB 3, PPS 1, PSD 1, PP 1; Chamber of
Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PT 91, PFL 84,
PMDB 74, PSDB 71, PP 49, PL 26, PTB 26, PSB 22, PDT 21, PPS 15, PCdoB 12,
PRONA 6, PV 5, other 11; note - many congressmen have changed party
affiliation since the most recent election |
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Judicial branch: |
Supreme Federal Tribunal (11
ministers are appointed for life by the president and confirmed by the
Senate); Higher Tribunal of Justice; Regional Federal Tribunals (judges
are appointed for life); note - though appointed "for life," judges, like
all federal employees, have a mandatory retirement age of 70 |
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Political parties and leaders: |
Brazilian Democratic Movement
Party or PMDB [Federal Deputy Michel TEMER]; Brazilian Labor Party or PTB
[Federal Deputy Roberto JEFFERSON]; Brazilian Social Democracy Party or
PSDB [Senator Eduardo AZAREDO]; Brazilian Socialist Party or PSB [Federal
Deputy Miguel ARRAES]; Communist Party of Brazil or PCdoB [Renato RABELO];
Democratic Labor Party or PDT [Carlos LUPI]; Democratic Socialist Party or
PSD [Pedro Miguel SANTANA LOPES]; Green Party or PV [Jose Luiz de Franca
PENNA]; Liberal Front Party or PFL [Senator Jorge BORNHAUSEN]; Liberal
Party or PL [Federal Deputy Valdemar COSTA Neto]; National Order
Reconstruction Party or PRONA [Federal Deputy Dr. Eneas CARNEIRO]; Popular
Socialist Party or PPS [Federal Deputy Roberto FREIRE]; Progressive Party
or PP [Federal Deputy Pedro CORREA]; Social Christian Party or PSC [Vitor
Jorge ABDALA NOSSEIS]; Worker's Party or PT [Jose GENOINO] |
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Political pressure groups and leaders: |
Landless Worker's Movement;
labor unions and federations; large farmers' associations; religious
groups including evangelical christian churches and the Catholic Church
|
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International organization participation: |
AfDB, BIS, CSN, FAO, G-15,
G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD,
IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA,
Mercosur, MIGA, MINUSTAH, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG,
UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR,
UNMIK, UNMIL, UNMISET, UNMOVIC, UNOCI, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WToO, WTO |
|
Diplomatic representation in the US: |
chief of mission:
Ambassador Roberto ABDENUR
chancery: 3006 Massachusetts Avenue
NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 238-2700
FAX: [1] (202) 238-2827
consulate(s) general:
Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, and San Francisco
|
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Diplomatic representation from the US: |
chief of mission:
Ambassador John DANILOVICH
embassy: Avenida das Nacoes, Quadra
801, Lote 3, Distrito Federal Cep 70403-900, Brasilia
mailing
address: Unit 3500, APO AA 34030
telephone: [55] (61)
312-7000
FAX: [55] (61) 225-9136
consulate(s)
general: Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo
consulate(s): Recife
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Flag description: |
green with a large yellow
diamond in the center bearing a blue celestial globe with 27 white
five-pointed stars (one for each state and the Federal District) arranged
in the same pattern as the night sky over Brazil; the globe has a white
equatorial band with the motto ORDEM E PROGRESSO (Order and Progress)
|
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Economy - overview: |
Possessing large and
well-developed agricultural, mining, manufacturing, and service sectors,
Brazil's economy outweighs that of all other South American countries and
is expanding its presence in world markets. From 2001-03 real wages fell
and Brazil's economy grew, on average, only 2.2% per year, as the country
absorbed a series of domestic and international economic shocks. That
Brazil absorbed these shocks without financial collapse is a tribute to
the resiliency of the Brazilian economy and the economic program put in
place by former President CARDOSO and strengthened by President LULA DA
SILVA. In 2004, Brazil enjoyed more robust growth that yielded increases
in employment and real wages. The three pillars of the economic program
are a floating exchange rate, an inflation-targeting regime, and tight
fiscal policy, all reinforced by a series of IMF programs. The currency
depreciated sharply in 2001 and 2002, which contributed to a dramatic
current account adjustment: in 2003 and 2004, Brazil ran record trade
surpluses and recorded its first current account surpluses since 1992.
Productivity gains - particularly in agriculture - also contributed to the
surge in exports, and Brazil in 2004 surpassed the previous year's record
export level and again posted a current account surplus. While economic
management has been good, there remain important economic vulnerabilities.
The most significant are debt-related: the government's largely domestic
debt increased steadily from 1994 to 2003 - straining government finances
- before falling as a percentage of GDP in 2004, while Brazil's foreign
debt (a mix of private and public debt) is large in relation to Brazil's
small (but growing) export base. Another challenge is maintaining economic
growth over a period of time to generate employment and make the
government debt burden more manageable. |
|
GDP: |
purchasing power parity -
$1.492 trillion (2004 est.) |
|
GDP - real growth rate: |
5.1% (2004 est.) |
|
GDP - per capita: |
purchasing power parity -
$8,100 (2004 est.) |
|
GDP - composition by sector: |
agriculture: 10.1%
industry: 38.6%
services: 51.3% (2004 est.) |
|
Investment (gross fixed): |
19.8% of GDP (2004 est.) |
|
Population below poverty line: |
22% (1998 est.) |
|
Household income or consumption by percentage
share: |
lowest 10%: 0.7%
highest 10%: 48% (1998) |
|
Distribution of family income - Gini index: |
60.7 (1998) |
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): |
7.6% (2004 est.) |
|
Labor force: |
89 million (2004 est.) |
|
Labor force - by occupation: |
agriculture 20%, industry 14%,
services 66% (2003 est.) |
|
Unemployment rate: |
11.5% (2004 est.) |
|
Budget: |
revenues: $140.6 billion
expenditures: $172.4 billion, including capital expenditures of
NA (2004) |
|
Public debt: |
52% of GDP (2004 est.) |
|
Agriculture - products: |
coffee, soybeans, wheat, rice,
corn, sugarcane, cocoa, citrus; beef |
|
Industries: |
textiles, shoes, chemicals,
cement, lumber, iron ore, tin, steel, aircraft, motor vehicles and parts,
other machinery and equipment |
|
Industrial production growth rate: |
6% (2004 est.) |
|
Electricity - production: |
339 billion kWh (2002) |
|
Electricity - production by source: |
fossil fuel: 8.3%
hydro: 82.7%
nuclear: 4.4%
other: 4.6%
(2001) |
|
Electricity - consumption: |
351.9 billion kWh (2002) |
|
Electricity - exports: |
7 million kWh (2002) |
|
Electricity - imports: |
36.58 billion kWh; note -
supplied by Paraguay (2002) |
|
Oil - production: |
1.788 million bbl/day (2004
est.) |
|
Oil - consumption: |
2.199 million bbl/day (2001
est.) |
|
Oil - exports: |
NA |
|
Oil - imports: |
NA |
|
Oil - proved reserves: |
13.9 billion bbl (2004 est.)
|
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Natural gas - production: |
5.95 billion cu m (2001 est.)
|
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Natural gas - consumption: |
9.59 billion cu m (2001 est.)
|
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Natural gas - exports: |
0 cu m (2001 est.) |
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Natural gas - imports: |
3.64 billion cu m (2001 est.)
|
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Natural gas - proved reserves: |
221.7 billion cu m (2004)
|
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Current account balance: |
$8 billion (2004 est.) |
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Exports: |
$95 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)
|
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Exports - commodities: |
transport equipment, iron ore,
soybeans, footwear, coffee, autos |
|
Exports - partners: |
US 21.2%, China 7.8%, Argentina
6%, Germany 5.1%, Netherlands 4.8% (2004) |
|
Imports: |
$61 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)
|
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Imports - commodities: |
machinery, electrical and
transport equipment, chemical products, oil |
|
Imports - partners: |
US 22.4%, Germany 9.2%,
Argentina 8.1%, China 5.5% (2004) |
|
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: |
$52.94 billion (2004 est.)
|
|
Debt - external: |
$219.8 billion (2004 est.)
|
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Economic aid - recipient: |
$30 billion (2002) |
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Currency: |
real (BRL) |
|
Currency code: |
BRL |
|
Exchange rates: |
reals per US dollar - 2.9251
(2004), 3.0771 (2003), 2.9208 (2002), 2.3577 (2001), 1.8301 (2000) |
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Fiscal year: |
calendar year |
|
Telephones - main lines in use: |
38.81 million (2002) |
|
Telephones - mobile cellular: |
46,373,300 (2003) |
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Telephone system: |
general assessment: good
working system
domestic: extensive microwave radio relay system
and a domestic satellite system with 64 earth stations
international: country code - 55; 3 coaxial submarine cables;
satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Inmarsat
(Atlantic Ocean region east), connected by microwave relay system to
Mercosur Brazilsat B3 satellite earth station |
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Radio broadcast stations: |
AM 1,365, FM 296, shortwave 161
(of which 91 are collocated with AM stations) (1999) |
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Radios: |
71 million (1997) |
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Television broadcast stations: |
138 (1997) |
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Televisions: |
36.5 million (1997) |
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Internet country code: |
.br |
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Internet hosts: |
3,163,349 (2003) |
|
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): |
50 (2000) |
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Internet users: |
14.3 million (2002)
|
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Railways: |
total: 29,412 km (1,610
km electrified)
broad gauge: 4,907 km 1.600-m gauge (942 km
electrified)
standard gauge: 194 km 1.440-m gauge
narrow
gauge: 23,915 km 1.000-m gauge (581 km electrified)
dual
gauge: 396 km 1.000-m and 1.600-m gauges (three rails) (78 km
electrified) (2003) |
|
Highways: |
total: 1,724,929 km
paved: 94,871 km
unpaved: 1,630,058 km (2000) |
|
Waterways: |
50,000 km (most in areas remote
from industry and population) (2004) |
|
Pipelines: |
condensate/gas 244 km; gas
10,739 km; liquid petroleum gas 341 km; oil 5,212 km; refined products
4,755 km (2004) |
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Ports and harbors: |
Belem, Fortaleza, Ilheus,
Imbituba, Manaus, Paranagua, Porto Alegre, Recife, Rio de Janeiro, Rio
Grande, Salvador, Santos, Vitoria |
|
Merchant marine: |
total: 150 ships (1,000
GRT or over) 2,961,431 GRT/4,725,267 DWT
by type: bulk carrier
28, cargo 25, chemical tanker 7, combination ore/oil 2, container 7,
liquefied gas 12, passenger/cargo 12, petroleum tanker 48, roll on/roll
off 9
foreign-owned: 17 (Chile 2, Germany 7, Norway 1, Spain 7)
registered in other countries: 8 (2005) |
|
Airports: |
4,136 (2004 est.) |
|
Airports - with paved runways: |
total: 698
over
3,047 m: 7
2,438 to 3,047 m: 23
1,524 to 2,437
m: 158
914 to 1,523 m: 461
under 914 m: 49 (2004
est.) |
|
Airports - with unpaved runways: |
total: 3,438
over
3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 78
914 to 1,523 m:
1,579
under 914 m: 1,780 (2004 est.) |
|
Heliports: |
417 (2004 est.) |
|
Military branches: |
Brazilian Army, Brazilian Navy
(includes Naval Air and Marines), Brazilian Air Force (FAB) |
|
Military manpower - military age and obligation: |
19 years of age for compulsory
military service, conscript service obligation - 12 months; 17 years of
age for voluntary service (2001) |
|
Military manpower - availability: |
males age 19-49:
45,586,036 (2005 est.) |
|
Military manpower - fit for military service: |
males age 19-49:
33,119,098 (2005 est.) |
|
Military manpower - reaching military age
annually: |
males: 1,785,930 (2005
est.) |
|
Military expenditures - dollar figure: |
$11 billion (2004) |
|
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: |
1.8% (2004) |
| Transnational Issues |
Brazil |
|
Disputes - international: |
unruly region at convergence of
Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay borders is locus of money laundering, smuggling,
arms and illegal narcotics trafficking, and fundraising for extremist
organizations; uncontested dispute with Uruguay over certain islands in
the Quarai/Cuareim and Invernada boundary streams and the resulting
tripoint with Argentina; in 2004 Brazil submitted its claims to UNCLOS to
extend its maritime continental margin |
|
Illicit drugs: |
illicit producer of cannabis;
minor coca cultivation in the Amazon region, used for domestic
consumption; government has a large-scale eradication program to control
cannabis; important transshipment country for Bolivian, Colombian, and
Peruvian cocaine headed for Europe and the US; also used by traffickers as
a way station for narcotics air transshipments between Peru and Colombia;
upsurge in drug-related violence and weapons smuggling; important market
for Colombian, Bolivian, and Peruvian cocaine; illicit narcotics proceeds
earned in Brazil are often laundered through the financial system;
significant illicit financial activity in the Tri-Border Area
|
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