 .EE - Estonia
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Background: |
After centuries of Danish,
Swedish, German, and Russian rule, Estonia attained independence in 1918.
Forcibly incorporated into the USSR in 1940, it regained its freedom in
1991, with the collapse of the Soviet Union. Since the last Russian troops
left in 1994, Estonia has been free to promote economic and political ties
with Western Europe. It joined both NATO and the EU in the spring of 2004.
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Location: |
Eastern Europe, bordering the
Baltic Sea and Gulf of Finland, between Latvia and Russia |
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Geographic coordinates: |
59 00 N, 26 00 E |
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Map references: |
Europe |
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Area: |
total: 45,226 sq km
land: 43,211 sq km
water: 2,015 sq km
note: includes 1,520 islands in the Baltic Sea |
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Area - comparative: |
slightly smaller than New
Hampshire and Vermont combined |
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Land boundaries: |
total: 633 km
border countries: Latvia 339 km, Russia 294 km |
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Coastline: |
3,794 km |
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Maritime claims: |
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: limits fixed in coordination with
neighboring states |
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Climate: |
maritime, wet, moderate
winters, cool summers |
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Terrain: |
marshy, lowlands; flat in the
north, hilly in the south |
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Elevation extremes: |
lowest point: Baltic Sea
0 m
highest point: Suur Munamagi 318 m |
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Natural resources: |
oil shale, peat, phosphorite,
clay, limestone, sand, dolomite, arable land, sea mud |
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Land use: |
arable land: 12.05%
permanent crops: 0.35%
other: 87.6% (2005) |
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Irrigated land: |
40 sq km (1998 est.) |
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Natural hazards: |
sometimes flooding occurs in
the spring |
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Environment - current issues: |
air polluted with sulfur
dioxide from oil-shale burning power plants in northeast; however, the
amount of pollutants emitted to the air have fallen steadily, the
emissions of 2000 were 80% less than in 1980; the amount of unpurified
wastewater discharged to water bodies in 2000 was one twentieth the level
of 1980; in connection with the start-up of new water purification plants,
the pollution load of wastewater decreased; Estonia has more than 1,400
natural and manmade lakes, the smaller of which in agricultural areas need
to be monitored; coastal seawater is polluted in certain locations |
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Environment - international agreements: |
party to: Air Pollution,
Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air
Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Ship Pollution, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
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Geography - note: |
the mainland terrain is flat,
boggy, and partly wooded; offshore lie more than 1,500 islands
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Population: |
1,324,333 (July 2006 est.)
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Age structure: |
0-14 years: 15.2% (male
103,367/female 97,587)
15-64 years: 67.6% (male 427,043/female
468,671)
65 years and over: 17.2% (male 75,347/female 152,318)
(2006 est.) |
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Median age: |
total: 39.3 years
male: 35.8 years
female: 42.6 years (2006 est.)
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Population growth rate: |
-0.64% (2006 est.) |
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Birth rate: |
10.04 births/1,000 population
(2006 est.) |
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Death rate: |
13.25 deaths/1,000 population
(2006 est.) |
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Net migration rate: |
-3.2 migrant(s)/1,000
population (2006 est.) |
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Sex ratio: |
at birth: 1.06
male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64
years: 0.91 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.5
male(s)/female
total population: 0.84 male(s)/female (2006
est.) |
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Infant mortality rate: |
total: 7.73 deaths/1,000
live births
male: 8.91 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 6.47 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.) |
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Life expectancy at birth: |
total population: 72.04
years
male: 66.58 years
female: 77.83 years (2006
est.) |
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Total fertility rate: |
1.4 children born/woman (2006
est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: |
1.1% (2001 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: |
7,800 (2003 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - deaths: |
less than 200 (2003 est.)
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Nationality: |
noun: Estonian(s)
adjective: Estonian |
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Ethnic groups: |
Estonian 67.9%, Russian 25.6%,
Ukrainian 2.1%, Belarusian 1.3%, Finn 0.9%, other 2.2% (2000 census)
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Religions: |
Evangelical Lutheran 13.6%,
Orthodox 12.8%, other Christian (including Methodist, Seventh-Day
Adventist, Roman Catholic, Pentecostal) 1.4%, unaffiliated 34.1%, other
and unspecified 32%, none 6.1% (2000 census) |
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Languages: |
Estonian (official) 67.3%,
Russian 29.7%, other 2.3%, unknown 0.7% (2000 census) |
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Literacy: |
definition: age 15 and
over can read and write
total population: 99.8%
male: 99.8%
female: 99.8% (2003 est.)
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Country name: |
conventional long form:
Republic of Estonia
conventional short form: Estonia
local long form: Eesti Vabariik
local short form:
Eesti
former: Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic |
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Government type: |
parliamentary republic |
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Capital: |
Tallinn |
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Administrative divisions: |
15 counties (maakonnad,
singular - maakond): Harjumaa (Tallinn), Hiiumaa (Kardla), Ida-Virumaa
(Johvi), Jarvamaa (Paide), Jogevamaa (Jogeva), Laanemaa (Haapsalu),
Laane-Virumaa (Rakvere), Parnumaa (Parnu), Polvamaa (Polva), Raplamaa
(Rapla), Saaremaa (Kuressaare), Tartumaa (Tartu), Valgamaa (Valga),
Viljandimaa (Viljandi), Vorumaa (Voru)
note: counties have the
administrative center name following in parentheses |
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Independence: |
20 August 1991 (from Soviet
Union) |
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National holiday: |
Independence Day, 24 February
(1918); note - 24 February 1918 is the date Estonia declared its
independence from Soviet Russia; 20 August 1991 is the date it declared
its independence from the Soviet Union |
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Constitution: |
adopted 28 June 1992 |
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Legal system: |
based on civil law system; no
judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction,
with reservations |
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Suffrage: |
18 years of age; universal for
all Estonian citizens |
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Executive branch: |
chief of state:
President Arnold RUUTEL (since 8 October 2001)
head of
government: Prime Minister Andrus ANSIP (since 12 April 2005)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister,
approved by Parliament
elections: president elected by
Parliament for a five-year term; if a candidate does not secure two-thirds
of the votes after three rounds of balloting in the Parliament, then an
electoral assembly (made up of Parliament plus members of local
governments) elects the president, choosing between the two candidates
with the largest percentage of votes; election last held 21 September 2001
(next to be held in the fall of 2006); prime minister nominated by the
president and approved by Parliament
election results: Arnold
RUUTEL elected president on 21 September 2001 by a 367-member electoral
assembly that convened following Parliament's failure in August to elect
then-President Lennart MERI's successor; on the second ballot of voting,
RUUTEL received 186 votes to Parliament Speaker Toomas SAVI's 155; the
remaining 26 ballots were either left blank or invalid |
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Legislative branch: |
unicameral Parliament or
Riigikogu (101 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve
four-year terms)
elections: last held 2 March 2003 (next to be
held NA March 2007)
election results: percent of vote by party
- Center Party of Estonia 25.4%, Res Publica 24.6%, Estonian Reform Party
17.7%, Estonian People's Union 13%, Pro Patria Union (Fatherland League)
7.3% People's Party Moodukad 7%; seats by party - Res Publica 26, Center
Party 20, Reform Party 19, Estonian People's Union 13, Pro Patria Union 7,
Social Democrats (formerly People's Party Moodukad) 6, non-affiliated
(Social Liberals and independents) 10 |
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Judicial branch: |
National Court (chairman
appointed by Parliament for life) |
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Political parties and leaders: |
Center Party of Estonia
(Keskerakond) [Edgar SAVISAAR, chairman]; Estonian People's Union
(Rahvaliit) [Villu REILJAN, chairman]; Estonian Reform Party
(Reformierakond) [Andrus ANSIP]; Estonian United Russian People's Party or
EUVRP [Yevgeniy TOMBERG, chairman]; Pro Patria Union (Isamaaliit) [Tonis
LUKAS, chairman]; Res Publica [Taavi VESKIMAGI, chairman]; Social
Democratic Party (formerly People's Party Moodukad or Moderates) [Ivari
PADAR, chairman]; Social Liberals (group of eight parliamentarians, former
Center Party members) [Peeter KREITZBERG] |
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Political pressure groups and leaders: |
NA |
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International organization participation: |
Australia Group, BA, BIS, CBSS,
CE, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EU (new member), FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU,
ICRM, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO
(correspondent), ITU, MIGA, NATO, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OPCW, OSCE,
PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WEU (associate partner), WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WTO |
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Diplomatic representation in the US: |
chief of mission:
Ambassador Juri LUIK
chancery: 2131 Massachusetts Avenue NW,
Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 588-0101
FAX: [1] (202) 588-0108
consulate(s) general: New
York |
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Diplomatic representation from the US: |
chief of mission:
Ambassador Aldona Zofia WOS
embassy: Kentmanni 20, 15099
Tallinn
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [372] 668-8100
FAX: [372] 668-8134 |
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Flag description: |
pre-1940 flag restored by
Supreme Soviet in May 1990 - three equal horizontal bands of blue (top),
black, and white |
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Economy - overview: |
Estonia, as a new member of the
World Trade Organization and the European Union, has transitioned
effectively to a modern market economy with strong ties to the West,
including the pegging of its currency to the euro. The economy benefits
from strong electronics and telecommunications sectors and is greatly
influenced by developments in Finland, Sweden, and Germany, three major
trading partners. The current account deficit remains high; however, the
state budget is essentially in balance, and public debt is low. |
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GDP (purchasing power parity): |
$21.92 billion (2005 est.)
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GDP (official exchange rate): |
$12.28 billion (2005 est.)
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GDP - real growth rate: |
7.4% (2005 est.) |
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GDP - per capita (PPP): |
$16,400 (2005 est.) |
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GDP - composition by sector: |
agriculture: 4.1%
industry: 29.1%
services: 66.8% (2005 est.) |
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Labor force: |
670,000 (2005 est.) |
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Labor force - by occupation: |
agriculture 11%, industry 20%,
services 69% (1999 est.) |
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Unemployment rate: |
9.2% (2005 est.) |
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Population below poverty line: |
NA% (2000) |
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Household income or consumption by percentage
share: |
lowest 10%: 3%
highest 10%: 29.8% (1998) |
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Distribution of family income - Gini index: |
37.2 (2000) |
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Inflation rate (consumer prices): |
4% (2005 est.) |
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Investment (gross fixed): |
27.6% of GDP (2005 est.) |
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Budget: |
revenues: $5.126 billion
expenditures: $5.017 billion; including capital expenditures of
$NA (2005 est.) |
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Public debt: |
3.8% of GDP (2005 est.) |
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Agriculture - products: |
potatoes, vegetables; livestock
and dairy products; fish |
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Industries: |
engineering, electronics, wood
and wood products, textile; information technology, telecommunications
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Industrial production growth rate: |
7.3% (2004 est.) |
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Electricity - production: |
9.017 billion kWh (2003) |
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Electricity - production by source: |
fossil fuel: 99.8%
hydro: 0.1%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0.2%
(2001) |
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Electricity - consumption: |
7.024 billion kWh (2003) |
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Electricity - exports: |
1.562 billion kWh (2003) |
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Electricity - imports: |
200 million kWh (2003) |
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Oil - production: |
6,100 bbl/day (2003 est.)
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Oil - consumption: |
25,000 bbl/day (2003 est.)
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Oil - exports: |
NA bbl/day |
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Oil - imports: |
NA bbl/day |
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Natural gas - production: |
0 cu m (2003 est.) |
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Natural gas - consumption: |
1.41 billion cu m (2003 est.)
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Natural gas - exports: |
0 cu m (2001 est.) |
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Natural gas - imports: |
1.27 billion cu m (2001 est.)
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Current account balance: |
$-1.403 billion (2005 est.)
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Exports: |
$7.439 billion f.o.b. (2005
est.) |
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Exports - commodities: |
machinery and equipment 33%,
wood and paper 15%, textiles 14%, food products 8%, furniture 7%, metals,
chemical products (2001) |
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Exports - partners: |
Finland 23.1%, Sweden 15.3%,
Germany 8.4%, Latvia 7.9%, Russia 5.7%, Lithuania 4.4% (2004) |
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Imports: |
$9.189 billion f.o.b. (2005
est.) |
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Imports - commodities: |
machinery and equipment 33.5%,
chemical products 11.6%, textiles 10.3%, foodstuffs 9.4%, transportation
equipment 8.9% (2001) |
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Imports - partners: |
Finland 22.1%, Germany 12.9%,
Sweden 9.7%, Russia 9.2%, Lithuania 5.3%, Latvia 4.7% (2004) |
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Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: |
$1.852 billion (2005 est.)
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Debt - external: |
$10.09 billion (30 June 2005
est.) |
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Economic aid - recipient: |
$108 million (2000) |
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Currency (code): |
Estonian kroon (EEK) |
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Currency code: |
EEK |
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Exchange rates: |
krooni per US dollar - 12.584
(2005), 12.596 (2004), 13.856 (2003), 16.612 (2002), 17.478 (2001), note -
the krooni is pegged to the euro |
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Fiscal year: |
calendar year |
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Telephones - main lines in use: |
444,000 (2004) |
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Telephones - mobile cellular: |
1,255,700 (2004) |
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Telephone system: |
general assessment:
foreign investment in the form of joint business ventures greatly improved
telephone service; substantial fiber-optic cable systems carry telephone,
TV, and radio traffic in the digital mode; Internet services are available
throughout most of the country
domestic: a wide range of high
quality voice, data, and Internet services is available throughout the
country
international: country code - 372; fiber-optic cables
to Finland, Sweden, Latvia, and Russia provide worldwide packet-switched
service; two international switches are located in Tallinn (2001) |
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Radio broadcast stations: |
AM 0, FM 98, shortwave 0 (2001)
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Radios: |
1.01 million (1997) |
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Television broadcast stations: |
3 (2001) |
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Televisions: |
605,000 (1997) |
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Internet country code: |
.ee |
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Internet hosts: |
50,440 (2005) |
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Internet Service Providers (ISPs): |
38 (2001) |
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Internet users: |
670,000 (2005) |
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Airports: |
26 (2005) |
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Airports - with paved runways: |
total: 12
over
3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 7
1,524 to 2,437 m:
1
914 to 1,523 m: 3 (2005) |
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Airports - with unpaved runways: |
total: 14
over
3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m:
2
914 to 1,523 m: 4
under 914 m: 6 (2005) |
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Heliports: |
1 (2005) |
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Pipelines: |
gas 859 km (2004) |
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Railways: |
total: 958 km
broad gauge: 958 km 1.520 m/1.524-m gauge (132 km electrified)
(2004) |
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Roadways: |
total: 56,849 km
paved: 13,303 km (including 99 km of expressways)
unpaved: 45,546 km (2003) |
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Waterways: |
500 km (2005) |
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Merchant marine: |
total: 35 ships (1000
GRT or over) 267,319 GRT/92,993 DWT
by type: cargo 10,
passenger/cargo 23, petroleum tanker 2
foreign-owned: 4
(Denmark 1, Finland 1, Norway 2)
registered in other countries:
71 (Antigua and Barbuda 12, The Bahamas 1, Belize 5, Cambodia 2, Cyprus 3,
Dominica 8, Georgia 1, Isle of Man 2, Malta 4, Netherlands Antilles 1,
Norway 1, Panama 3, Russia 1, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 25,
Slovakia 1, Vanuatu 1) (2005) |
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Ports and terminals: |
Kopli, Kuivastu, Muuga,
Tallinn, Virtsu |
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Military branches: |
Estonian Defense Forces: Ground
Forces, Navy, Air Force and Air Defense Staff, Republic Security Forces
(internal and border troops), Volunteer Defense League (Kaitseliit),
Maritime Border Guard, Coast Guard; note - Border Guards and Ministry of
Internal Affairs become part of the Estonian Defense Forces in wartime;
the Coast Guard is subordinate to the Ministry of Defense in peacetime and
the Estonian Navy in wartime |
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Military service age and obligation: |
18 years of age for compulsory
military service for all male citizens, with eight-month service
obligation for conscripts and 11 months for sergeants and reserve
officers; Estonia has committed to retaining conscription for men and
women up to 2010 and, unlike Latvia and Lithuania, has no plan to
transition to a contract armed forces; 17 years of age for volunteers;
reserve commitment up to the age of 60 (2005) |
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Manpower available for military service: |
males age 18-49: 291,696
(2005 est.) |
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Manpower fit for military service: |
males age 18-49: 200,382
(2005 est.)
note: in 2004, 51% of the young men called up for
service were determined to be unfit; main obstacles to conscription were
psychiatric and behavioral |
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Manpower reaching military service age annually: |
males: 11,146 (2005
est.) |
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Military expenditures - dollar figure: |
$155 million (2002 est.) |
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Military expenditures - percent of GDP: |
2% (2002 est.) |
| Transnational Issues |
Estonia |
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Disputes - international: |
in 2005, Russia refuses to sign
the 1996 technical border agreement with Estonia when Estonia prepares a
unilateral declaration referencing Soviet occupation and territorial
losses; Russia demands better accommodation of Russian-speaking population
in Estonia; Estonian citizen groups continue to press for realignment of
the boundary based on the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty that would bring the now
divided ethnic Setu people and parts of the Narva region within Estonia;
as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Estonia
must implement the strict Schengen border rules |
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Illicit drugs: |
transshipment point for opiates
and cannabis from Southwest Asia and the Caucasus via Russia, cocaine from
Latin America to Western Europe and Scandinavia, and synthetic drugs from
Western Europe to Scandinavia; increasing domestic drug abuse problem;
possible precursor manufacturing and/or trafficking; potential money
laundering related to organized crime and drug trafficking is a concern,
as is possible use of the gambling sector to launder funds |
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