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Background: |
Hungary was part of the
polyglot Austro-Hungarian Empire, which collapsed during World War I. The
country fell under Communist rule following World War II. In 1956, a
revolt and announced withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact were met with a
massive military intervention by Moscow. Under the leadership of Janos
KADAR in 1968, Hungary began liberalizing its economy, introducing
so-called "Goulash Communism." Hungary held its first multiparty elections
in 1990 and initiated a free market economy. It joined NATO in 1999 and
the EU in 2004. |
|
Location: |
Central Europe, northwest of
Romania |
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Geographic coordinates: |
47 00 N, 20 00 E |
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Map references: |
Europe |
|
Area: |
total: 93,030 sq km
land: 92,340 sq km
water: 690 sq km |
|
Area - comparative: |
slightly smaller than Indiana
|
|
Land boundaries: |
total: 2,171 km
border countries: Austria 366 km, Croatia 329 km, Romania 443
km, Serbia and Montenegro 151 km, Slovakia 677 km, Slovenia 102 km,
Ukraine 103 km |
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Coastline: |
0 km (landlocked) |
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Maritime claims: |
none (landlocked) |
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Climate: |
temperate; cold, cloudy, humid
winters; warm summers |
|
Terrain: |
mostly flat to rolling plains;
hills and low mountains on the Slovakian border |
|
Elevation extremes: |
lowest point: Tisza
River 78 m
highest point: Kekes 1,014 m |
|
Natural resources: |
bauxite, coal, natural gas,
fertile soils, arable land |
|
Land use: |
arable land: 50.09%
permanent crops: 2.06%
other: 47.85% (2001) |
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Irrigated land: |
2,100 sq km (1998 est.) |
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Environment - current issues: |
the upgrading of Hungary's
standards in waste management, energy efficiency, and air, soil, and water
pollution with environmental requirements for EU accession will require
large investments |
|
Environment - international agreements: |
party to: Air Pollution,
Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic
Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone
Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not
ratified: Air Pollution-Sulfur 94 |
|
Geography - note: |
landlocked; strategic location
astride main land routes between Western Europe and Balkan Peninsula as
well as between Ukraine and Mediterranean basin; the north-south flowing
Duna (Danube) and Tisza Rivers divide the country into three large regions
|
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Population: |
10,006,835 (July 2005 est.)
|
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Age structure: |
0-14 years: 15.8% (male
813,203/female 769,687)
15-64 years: 69.1% (male
3,405,559/female 3,511,141)
65 years and over: 15.1% (male
547,323/female 959,922) (2005 est.) |
|
Median age: |
total: 38.57 years
male: 36.1 years
female: 41.24 years (2005 est.)
|
|
Population growth rate: |
-0.26% (2005 est.) |
|
Birth rate: |
9.76 births/1,000 population
(2005 est.) |
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Death rate: |
13.19 deaths/1,000 population
(2005 est.) |
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Net migration rate: |
0.86 migrant(s)/1,000
population (2005 est.) |
|
Sex ratio: |
at birth: 1.06
male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64
years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.57
male(s)/female
total population: 0.91 male(s)/female (2005
est.) |
|
Infant mortality rate: |
total: 8.57 deaths/1,000
live births
male: 9.27 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 7.83 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.) |
|
Life expectancy at birth: |
total population: 72.4
years
male: 68.18 years
female: 76.89 years (2005
est.) |
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Total fertility rate: |
1.32 children born/woman (2005
est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: |
0.1% (2001 est.) |
|
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: |
2,800 (2001 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - deaths: |
less than 100 (2001 est.)
|
|
Nationality: |
noun: Hungarian(s)
adjective: Hungarian |
|
Ethnic groups: |
Hungarian 92.3%, Roma 1.9%,
other or unknown 5.8% (2001 census) |
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Religions: |
Roman Catholic 51.9%, Calvinist
15.9%, Lutheran 3%, Greek Catholic 2.6%, other Christian 1%, other or
unspecified 11.1%, unaffiliated 14.5% (2001 census) |
|
Languages: |
Hungarian 93.6%, other or
unspecified 6.4% (2001 census) |
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Literacy: |
definition: age 15 and
over can read and write
total population: 99.4%
male: 99.5%
female: 99.3% (2003 est.)
|
|
Country name: |
conventional long form:
Republic of Hungary
conventional short form: Hungary
local long form: Magyar Koztarsasag
local short
form: Magyarorszag |
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Government type: |
parliamentary democracy |
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Capital: |
Budapest |
|
Administrative divisions: |
19 counties (megyek, singular -
megye), 20 urban counties (singular - megyei varos), and 1 capital city
(fovaros)
: counties: Bacs-Kiskun, Baranya, Bekes,
Borsod-Abauj-Zemplen, Csongrad, Fejer, Gyor-Moson-Sopron, Hajdu-Bihar,
Heves, Jasz-Nagykun-Szolnok, Komarom-Esztergom, Nograd, Pest, Somogy,
Szabolcs-Szatmar-Bereg, Tolna, Vas, Veszprem, Zala
: urban
counties: Bekescsaba, Debrecen, Dunaujvaros, Eger, Gyor, Hodmezovasarhely,
Kaposvar, Kecskemet, Miskolc, Nagykanizsa, Nyiregyhaza, Pecs, Sopron,
Szeged, Szekesfehervar, Szolnok, Szombathely, Tatabanya, Veszprem,
Zalaegerszeg
: capital city: Budapest |
|
Independence: |
1001 (unification by King
Stephen I) |
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National holiday: |
Saint Stephen's Day, 20 August
|
|
Constitution: |
18 August 1949, effective 20
August 1949, revised 19 April 1972; 18 October 1989 revision ensured legal
rights for individuals and constitutional checks on the authority of the
prime minister and also established the principle of parliamentary
oversight; 1997 amendment streamlined the judicial system |
|
Legal system: |
rule of law based on Western
model |
|
Suffrage: |
18 years of age; universal
|
|
Executive branch: |
chief of state: Ferenc
MADL (since 4 August 2000)
head of government: Prime Minister
Ferenc GYURCSANY (since 29 September 2004)
cabinet: Council of
Ministers elected by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the
president
elections: president elected by the National Assembly
for a five-year term; election last held 6-7 June 2005 (next to be held by
June 2010); prime minister elected by the National Assembly on the
recommendation of the president; election last held 29 September 2004
election results: Laszlo SOLYOM elected president by a simple
majority in the third round of voting, 185 to 182; although sworn in
immediately, SOLYOM will not take office until August 2005; Ferenc
GYURCSANY elected prime minister; percent of legislative vote - 197 to 12
note: to be elected, the president must win two-thirds of
legislative vote in the first two rounds or a simple majority in the third
round |
|
Legislative branch: |
unicameral National Assembly or
Orszaggyules (386 seats; members are elected by popular vote under a
system of proportional and direct representation to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 7 and 21 April 2002 (next to be held NA
April 2006)
election results: percent of vote by party (5% or
more of the vote required for parliamentary representation in the first
round) - Fidesz/MDF 48.70%, MSzP 46.11%, SzDSz 4.92%, other 0.27%; seats
by party - Fidesz 164, MSzP 178, MDF 24, SzDSz 20 |
|
Judicial branch: |
Constitutional Court (judges
are elected by the National Assembly for nine-year terms) |
|
Political parties and leaders: |
Alliance of Free Democrats or
SzDSz [Gabor KUNCZE]; Hungarian Civic Alliance or Fidesz [Viktor ORBAN,
chairman]; Hungarian Democratic Forum or MDF [Ibolya DAVID]; Hungarian
Democratic People's Party or MDNP [Erzsebet PUSZTAI, chairman]; Hungarian
Socialist Party or MSzP [Istvan HILLER, chairman]; Hungarian Workers'
Party or MMP [Gyula THURMER, chairman] |
|
Political pressure groups and leaders: |
NA |
|
International organization participation: |
Australia Group, BIS, CE, CEI,
CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, ESA (cooperating state), EU (new member), FAO, G-
9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO,
IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MINURSO, NAM (guest), NATO,
NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIK, UNOMIG, UPU, WCL, WCO, WEU (member
affiliate), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO, ZC |
|
Diplomatic representation in the US: |
chief of mission:
Ambassador Andras SIMONYI
chancery: 3910 Shoemaker Street NW,
Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 362-6730
FAX: [1] (202) 966-8135
consulate(s) general: Los
Angeles and New York |
|
Diplomatic representation from the US: |
chief of mission:
Ambassador George Herbert WALKER
embassy: Szabadsag ter 12,
H-1054 Budapest
mailing address: pouch: American Embassy
Budapest, 5270 Budapest Place, Department of State, Washington, DC
20521-5270
telephone: [36] (1) 475-4400
FAX: [36]
(1) 475-4764 |
|
Flag description: |
three equal horizontal bands of
red (top), white, and green |
|
Economy - overview: |
Hungary has made the transition
from a centrally planned to a market economy, with a per capita income
one-half that of the Big Four European nations. Hungary continues to
demonstrate strong economic growth and acceded to the European Union in
May 2004. The private sector accounts for over 80% of GDP. Foreign
ownership of and investment in Hungarian firms are widespread, with
cumulative foreign direct investment totaling more than $23 billion since
1989. Hungarian sovereign debt was upgraded in 2000 and together with the
Czech Republic holds the highest rating among the Central European
transition economies; however, ratings agencies have expressed concerns
over Hungary's unsustainable budget and current account deficits.
Inflation has declined from 14% in 1998 to 7% in 2004. Unemployment has
persisted around the 6% level, but Hungary's labor force participation
rate of 57% is one of the lowest in the OECD. Germany is by far Hungary's
largest economic partner. Policy challenges include cutting the public
sector deficit to 3% of GDP by 2008, from about 5% in 2004, and
orchestrating an orderly interest rate reduction without sparking capital
outflows. |
|
GDP: |
purchasing power parity -
$149.3 billion (2004 est.) |
|
GDP - real growth rate: |
3.9% (2004 est.) |
|
GDP - per capita: |
purchasing power parity -
$14,900 (2004 est.) |
|
GDP - composition by sector: |
agriculture: 3.3%
industry: 31.4%
services: 65.3% (2004 est.) |
|
Investment (gross fixed): |
22.8% of GDP (2004 est.) |
|
Population below poverty line: |
8.6% (1993 est.) |
|
Household income or consumption by percentage
share: |
lowest 10%: 4.1%
highest 10%: 20.5% (1998) |
|
Distribution of family income - Gini index: |
24.4 (1998) |
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): |
7% (2004 est.) |
|
Labor force: |
4.17 million (2004 est.) |
|
Labor force - by occupation: |
agriculture 6.2%, industry
27.1%, services 66.7% (2002) |
|
Unemployment rate: |
5.9% (2004 est.) |
|
Budget: |
revenues: $46.07 billion
expenditures: $51.36 billion, including capital expenditures of
NA (2004 est.) |
|
Public debt: |
58.3% of GDP (2004 est.) |
|
Agriculture - products: |
wheat, corn, sunflower seed,
potatoes, sugar beets; pigs, cattle, poultry, dairy products |
|
Industries: |
mining, metallurgy,
construction materials, processed foods, textiles, chemicals (especially
pharmaceuticals), motor vehicles |
|
Industrial production growth rate: |
9.6% (2004 est.) |
|
Electricity - production: |
34.07 billion kWh (2002) |
|
Electricity - production by source: |
fossil fuel: 60.1%
hydro: 0.5%
nuclear: 39%
other: 0.3%
(2001) |
|
Electricity - consumption: |
35.99 billion kWh (2002) |
|
Electricity - exports: |
8.3 billion kWh (2002) |
|
Electricity - imports: |
12.6 billion kWh (2002) |
|
Oil - production: |
41,190 bbl/day (2001 est.)
|
|
Oil - consumption: |
140,700 bbl/day (2001 est.)
|
|
Oil - exports: |
47,180 bbl/day (2001) |
|
Oil - imports: |
136,600 bbl/day (2001) |
|
Oil - proved reserves: |
110.7 million bbl (1 January
2002) |
|
Natural gas - production: |
3.231 billion cu m (2001 est.)
|
|
Natural gas - consumption: |
13.37 billion cu m (2001 est.)
|
|
Natural gas - exports: |
4 million cu m (2001 est.)
|
|
Natural gas - imports: |
9.587 billion cu m (2001 est.)
|
|
Natural gas - proved reserves: |
50.45 billion cu m (1 January
2002) |
|
Current account balance: |
$-7.941 billion (2004 est.)
|
|
Exports: |
$54.62 billion f.o.b. (2004
est.) |
|
Exports - commodities: |
machinery and equipment 61.1%,
other manufactures 28.7%, food products 6.5%, raw materials 2%, fuels and
electricity 1.6% (2003) |
|
Exports - partners: |
Germany 31.4%, Austria 6.8%,
France 5.7%, Italy 5.6%, UK 5.1% (2004) |
|
Imports: |
$58.68 billion f.o.b. (2004
est.) |
|
Imports - commodities: |
machinery and equipment 51.6%,
other manufactures 35.7%, fuels and electricity 7.7%, food products 3.1%,
raw materials 2.0% (2003) |
|
Imports - partners: |
Germany 29.2%, Austria 8.3%,
Russia 5.7%, Italy 5.5%, Netherlands 4.9%, China 4.8%, France 4.7% (2004)
|
|
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: |
$14.8 billion (2004 est.)
|
|
Debt - external: |
$57 billion (2004 est.) |
|
Economic aid - recipient: |
$4.2 billion in available EU
structural adjustment and cohesion funds (2004-06) |
|
Currency: |
forint (HUF) |
|
Currency code: |
HUF |
|
Exchange rates: |
forints per US dollar - 202.75
(2004), 224.31 (2003), 257.89 (2002), 286.49 (2001), 282.18 (2000) |
|
Fiscal year: |
calendar year |
|
Telephones - main lines in use: |
3,666,400 (2002) |
|
Telephones - mobile cellular: |
6,862,800 (2002) |
|
Telephone system: |
general assessment: the
telephone system has been modernized and is capable of satisfying all
requests for telecommunication service
domestic: the system is
digitalized and highly automated; trunk services are carried by
fiber-optic cable and digital microwave radio relay; a program for
fiber-optic subscriber connections was initiated in 1996; heavy use is
made of mobile cellular telephones
international: country code
- 36; Hungary has fiber-optic cable connections with all neighboring
countries; the international switch is in Budapest; satellite earth
stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean regions), 1
Inmarsat, 1 very small aperture terminal (VSAT) system of ground terminals
|
|
Radio broadcast stations: |
AM 17, FM 57, shortwave 3
(1998) |
|
Radios: |
7.01 million (1997) |
|
Television broadcast stations: |
35 (plus 161 low-power
repeaters) (1995) |
|
Televisions: |
4.42 million (1997) |
|
Internet country code: |
.hu |
|
Internet hosts: |
383,071 (2004) |
|
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): |
16 (2000) |
|
Internet users: |
1.6 million (2002)
|
|
Railways: |
total: 7,937 km
broad gauge: 36 km 1.524-m gauge
standard gauge:
7,682 km 1.435-m gauge (2,628 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 219
km 0.760-m gauge (2003) |
|
Highways: |
total: 159,568 km
paved: 70,050 km (including 533 km of expressways)
unpaved: 89,518 km (2002) |
|
Waterways: |
1,622 km (most on Danube River)
(2004) |
|
Pipelines: |
gas 4,397 km; oil 990 km;
refined products 335 km (2004) |
|
Ports and harbors: |
Budapest, Dunaujvaros,
Gyor-Gonyu, Csepel, Baja, Mohacs (2003) |
|
Airports: |
44 (2004 est.) |
|
Airports - with paved runways: |
total: 18
over
3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 8
1,524 to 2,437 m:
4
914 to 1,523 m: 3
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)
|
|
Airports - with unpaved runways: |
total: 26
2,438
to 3,047 m: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
914 to 1,523
m: 11
under 914 m: 9 (2004 est.) |
|
Heliports: |
5 (2004 est.) |
|
Military branches: |
Ground Forces, Air Forces
|
|
Military manpower - military age and obligation: |
18 years of age for voluntary
military service; conscription abolished in June 2004 (June 2004) |
|
Military manpower - availability: |
males age 18-49:
2,303,116 (2005 est.) |
|
Military manpower - fit for military service: |
males age 18-49:
1,780,513 (2005 est.) |
|
Military manpower - reaching military age
annually: |
males: 63,847 (2005
est.) |
|
Military expenditures - dollar figure: |
$1.08 billion (2002 est.)
|
|
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: |
1.75% (2002 est.)
|
| Transnational Issues |
Hungary |
|
Disputes - international: |
in 2004, Hungary amended the
status law extending special social and cultural benefits and voted down a
referendum to extend dual citizenship to ethnic Hungarians living in
neighboring states, which have objected to such measures; consultations
continue between Slovakia and Hungary over Hungary's completion of its
portion the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros hydroelectric dam project along the
Danube; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border,
Hungary must implement the strict Schengen border rules |
|
Illicit drugs: |
transshipment point for
Southwest Asian heroin and cannabis and for South American cocaine
destined for Western Europe; limited producer of precursor chemicals,
particularly for amphetamine and methamphetamine; improving, but remains
vulnerable to money laundering related to organized crime and drug
trafficking |
|
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