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Background: |
The Indus Valley civilization,
one of the oldest in the world, dates back at least 5,000 years. Aryan
tribes from the northwest invaded about 1500 B.C.; their merger with the
earlier Dravidian inhabitants created the classical Indian culture. Arab
incursions starting in the 8th century and Turkish in the 12th were
followed by those of European traders, beginning in the late 15th century.
By the 19th century, Britain had assumed political control of virtually
all Indian lands. Indian armed forces in the British army played a vital
role in both World Wars. Nonviolent resistance to British colonialism led
by Mohandas GANDHI and Jawaharlal NEHRU brought independence in 1947. The
subcontinent was divided into the secular state of India and the smaller
Muslim state of Pakistan. A third war between the two countries in 1971
resulted in East Pakistan becoming the separate nation of Bangladesh.
Despite impressive gains in economic investment and output, India faces
pressing problems such as the ongoing dispute with Pakistan over Kashmir,
massive overpopulation, environmental degradation, extensive poverty, and
ethnic and religious strife. |
|
Location: |
Southern Asia, bordering the
Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, between Burma and Pakistan |
|
Geographic coordinates: |
20 00 N, 77 00 E |
|
Map references: |
Asia |
|
Area: |
total: 3,287,590 sq km
land: 2,973,190 sq km
water: 314,400 sq km |
|
Area - comparative: |
slightly more than one-third
the size of the US |
|
Land boundaries: |
total: 14,103 km
border countries: Bangladesh 4,053 km, Bhutan 605 km, Burma
1,463 km, China 3,380 km, Nepal 1,690 km, Pakistan 2,912 km |
|
Coastline: |
7,000 km |
|
Maritime claims: |
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200
nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental
margin |
|
Climate: |
varies from tropical monsoon in
south to temperate in north |
|
Terrain: |
upland plain (Deccan Plateau)
in south, flat to rolling plain along the Ganges, deserts in west,
Himalayas in north |
|
Elevation extremes: |
lowest point: Indian
Ocean 0 m
highest point: Kanchenjunga 8,598 m |
|
Natural resources: |
coal (fourth-largest reserves
in the world), iron ore, manganese, mica, bauxite, titanium ore, chromite,
natural gas, diamonds, petroleum, limestone, arable land |
|
Land use: |
arable land: 54.4%
permanent crops: 2.74%
other: 42.86% (2001) |
|
Irrigated land: |
590,000 sq km (1998 est.)
|
|
Natural hazards: |
droughts; flash floods, as well
as widespread and destructive flooding from monsoonal rains; severe
thunderstorms; earthquakes |
|
Environment - current issues: |
deforestation; soil erosion;
overgrazing; desertification; air pollution from industrial effluents and
vehicle emissions; water pollution from raw sewage and runoff of
agricultural pesticides; tap water is not potable throughout the country;
huge and growing population is overstraining natural resources |
|
Environment - international agreements: |
party to:
Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources,
Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed,
but not ratified: none of the selected agreements |
|
Geography - note: |
dominates South Asian
subcontinent; near important Indian Ocean trade routes |
|
Population: |
1,080,264,388 (July 2005 est.)
|
|
Age structure: |
0-14 years: 31.2% (male
173,634,432/female 163,932,475)
15-64 years: 63.9% (male
356,932,082/female 333,283,590)
65 years and over: 4.9% (male
26,542,025/female 25,939,784) (2005 est.) |
|
Median age: |
total: 24.66 years
male: 24.64 years
female: 24.67 years (2005 est.)
|
|
Population growth rate: |
1.4% (2005 est.) |
|
Birth rate: |
22.32 births/1,000 population
(2005 est.) |
|
Death rate: |
8.28 deaths/1,000 population
(2005 est.) |
|
Net migration rate: |
-0.07 migrant(s)/1,000
population (2005 est.) |
|
Sex ratio: |
at birth: 1.05
male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64
years: 1.07 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.02
male(s)/female
total population: 1.06 male(s)/female (2005
est.) |
|
Infant mortality rate: |
total: 56.29
deaths/1,000 live births
male: 56.86 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 55.69 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.) |
|
Life expectancy at birth: |
total population: 64.35
years
male: 63.57 years
female: 65.16 years (2005
est.) |
|
Total fertility rate: |
2.78 children born/woman (2005
est.) |
|
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: |
0.9% (2001 est.) |
|
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: |
5.1 million (2001 est.) |
|
HIV/AIDS - deaths: |
310,000 (2001 est.) |
|
Major infectious diseases: |
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A
and E, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever,
malaria, and Japanese encephalitis are high risks in some locations
animal contact disease: rabies (2004) |
|
Nationality: |
noun: Indian(s)
adjective: Indian |
|
Ethnic groups: |
Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%,
Mongoloid and other 3% (2000) |
|
Religions: |
Hindu 80.5%, Muslim 13.4%,
Christian 2.3%, Sikh 1.9%, other 1.8%, unspecified 0.1% (2001 census)
|
|
Languages: |
English enjoys associate status
but is the most important language for national, political, and commercial
communication; Hindi is the national language and primary tongue of 30% of
the people; there are 14 other official languages: Bengali, Telugu,
Marathi, Tamil, Urdu, Gujarati, Malayalam, Kannada, Oriya, Punjabi,
Assamese, Kashmiri, Sindhi, and Sanskrit; Hindustani is a popular variant
of Hindi/Urdu spoken widely throughout northern India but is not an
official language |
|
Literacy: |
definition: age 15 and
over can read and write
total population: 59.5%
male: 70.2%
female: 48.3% (2003 est.)
|
|
Country name: |
conventional long form:
Republic of India
conventional short form: India |
|
Government type: |
federal republic |
|
Capital: |
New Delhi |
|
Administrative divisions: |
28 states and 7 union
territories*; Andaman and Nicobar Islands*, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal
Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chandigarh*, Chhattisgarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli*,
Daman and Diu*, Delhi*, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and
Kashmir, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Lakshadweep*, Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Orissa, Pondicherry*,
Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttaranchal, Uttar
Pradesh, West Bengal |
|
Independence: |
15 August 1947 (from UK) |
|
National holiday: |
Republic Day, 26 January (1950)
|
|
Constitution: |
26 January 1950; amended many
times |
|
Legal system: |
based on English common law;
limited judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations; separate personal law codes apply to
Muslims, Christians, and Hindus |
|
Suffrage: |
18 years of age; universal
|
|
Executive branch: |
chief of state:
President A.P.J. Abdul KALAM (since 26 July 2002); Vice President Bhairon
Singh SHEKHAWAT (since 19 August 2002)
head of government:
Prime Minister Manmohan SINGH (since NA May 2004)
cabinet:
Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the recommendation of
the prime minister
elections: president elected by an electoral
college consisting of elected members of both houses of Parliament and the
legislatures of the states for a five-year term; election last held July
2002 (next to be held 18 July 2007); vice president elected by both houses
of Parliament for a five-year term; election last held 12 August 2002
(next to be held August 2007); prime minister chosen by parliamentary
members of the majority party following legislative elections; election
last held April - May 2004 (next to be held May 2009)
election
results: Abdul KALAM elected president; percent of electoral college
vote - 89.6%; Bhairon Singh SHEKHAWAT elected vice president; percent of
Parliament vote - 59.8% |
|
Legislative branch: |
bicameral Parliament or Sansad
consists of the Council of States or Rajya Sabha (a body consisting of not
more than 250 members, up to 12 of whom are appointed by the president,
the remainder are chosen by the elected members of the state and
territorial assemblies; members serve six-year terms) and the People's
Assembly or Lok Sabha (545 seats; 543 elected by popular vote, 2 appointed
by the president; members serve five-year terms)
elections:
People's Assembly - last held 20 April through 10 May 2004 (next to be
held 2009)
election results: People's Assembly - percent of
vote by party - NA%; seats by party - INC 145, BJP 138, CPI(M) 43, SP 36,
RJD 24, BSP 19, DMK 16, SS 12, BJD 11, CPI 10, NCP 9, JDU 8, SAD 8, PMK 6,
TDP 5, TRS 5, JMM 5, LJSP 4, MDMK 4, independents 5, other 30 |
|
Judicial branch: |
Supreme Court (judges are
appointed by the president and remain in office until they reach the age
of 65) |
|
Political parties and leaders: |
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra
Kazhagam or AIADMK [C. Jayalalitha JAYARAM]; All India Forward Bloc or
AIFB, [Debabrata BISWAS]; Asom Gana Parishad [Brindaban GOSWAMI]; Bahujan
Samaj Party or BSP [MAYAWATI]; Bharatiya Janata Party or BJP [Lal Krishna
ADVANI]; Biju Janata Dal or BJD [Naveen PATNAIK]; Communist Party of India
or CPI [Ardhendu Bhushan BARDHAN]; Communist Party of India (Marxist) or
CPI (M) Hakishan Singh SURJEET]; Congress (I) Party [Sonia GANDHI];
Dravida Munnetra Kazagham or DMK (a regional party in Tamil Nadu) [M.
KARUNANIDHI]; Indian National Congress or INC [Sonia GANDHI]; Indian
National League [Suliaman SAITH]; Janata Dal (Secular) [H. D. Deve GOWDA];
Janata Dal (United) or JDU [Sharad YADAV]; Jharkhand Mukti Morcha or JMM
[leader NA]; Kerala Congress (Mani faction) [K. M. MANI]; Lok Jan Shakti
Party or LJSP [leader NA]; Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam or MDMK
[VAIKO]; Muslim League [G. M. BANATWALA]; Nationalist Congress Party or
NCP [Sharad PAWAR]; Pattali Makkal Katchi or PMK [leader NA]; Rashtriya
Janata Dal or RJD [Laloo Prasad YADAV]; Revolutionary Socialist Party or
RSP [Abani ROY]; Samajwadi Party or SP [Mulayam Singh YADAV]; Shiromani
Akali Dal or SAD [G. S. TOHRA]; Shiv Sena or SS [Bal THACKERAY]; Tamil
Maanila Congress [G. K. VASAN]; Telangana Rashtra Samithi or TRS [leader
NA]; Telugu Desam Party or TDP [Chandrababu NAIDU]; Trinamool Congress
[Mamata BANERJEE] |
|
Political pressure groups and leaders: |
numerous religious or
militant/chauvinistic organizations, including Vishwa Hindu Parishad,
Bajrang Dal, and Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh; various separatist groups
seeking greater communal and/or regional autonomy, including the All
Parties Hurriyat Conference in the Kashmir Valley and the National
Socialist Council of Nagaland in the Northeast |
|
International organization participation: |
AfDB, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN
(dialogue partner), BIS, C, CERN (observer), CP, FAO, G- 6, G-15, G-19,
G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS,
IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, MIGA, MONUC,
NAM, OAS (observer), ONUB, OPCW, PCA, SAARC, SACEP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMEE, UNMIK, UNMOVIC, UNOCI, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO |
|
Diplomatic representation in the US: |
chief of mission:
Ambassador Ranendra SEN
chancery: 2107 Massachusetts Avenue NW,
Washington, DC 20008; note - Consular Wing located at 2536 Massachusetts
Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 939-7000
FAX: [1] (202) 265-4351
consulate(s) general:
Chicago, Houston, New York, and San Francisco |
|
Diplomatic representation from the US: |
chief of mission:
Ambassador David C. MULFORD
embassy: Shantipath, Chanakyapuri,
New Delhi 110021
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [91] (11) 2419-8000
FAX: [91] (11)
2419-0017
consulate(s) general: Chennai (Madras), Kolkata
(Calcutta), Mumbai (Bombay) |
|
Flag description: |
three equal horizontal bands of
saffron (subdued orange) (top), white, and green with a blue chakra
(24-spoked wheel) centered in the white band; similar to the flag of
Niger, which has a small orange disk centered in the white band
|
|
Economy - overview: |
India's diverse economy
encompasses traditional village farming, modern agriculture, handicrafts,
a wide range of modern industries, and a multitude of services. Services
are the major source of economic growth, though two-thirds of the
workforce is in agriculture. The UPA government has committed to
furthering economic reforms and developing basic infrastructure to improve
the lives of the rural poor and boost economic performance. Government
controls on foreign trade and investment have been reduced in some areas,
but high tariffs (averaging 20% in 2004) and limits on foreign direct
investment are still in place. The government has indicated it will do
more to liberalize investment in civil aviation, telecom, and insurance
sectors in the near term. Privatization of government-owned industries has
proceeded slowly, and continues to generate political debate; continued
social, political, and economic rigidities hold back needed initiatives.
The economy has posted an excellent average growth rate of 6.8% since
1994, reducing poverty by about 10 percentage points. India is
capitalizing on its large numbers of well-educated people skilled in the
English language to become a major exporter of software services and
software workers. Despite strong growth, the World Bank and others worry
about the combined state and federal budget deficit, running at
approximately 9% of GDP. The huge and growing population is the
fundamental social, economic, and environmental problem. In late December
2004, a major tsunami took at least 60,000 lives in India, caused massive
destruction of property, and severely affected the fishing fleet. |
|
GDP: |
purchasing power parity -
$3.319 trillion (2004 est.) |
|
GDP - real growth rate: |
6.2% (2004 est.) |
|
GDP - per capita: |
purchasing power parity -
$3,100 (2004 est.) |
|
GDP - composition by sector: |
agriculture: 23.6%
industry: 28.4%
services: 48% (2002 est.) |
|
Investment (gross fixed): |
23.8% of GDP (2004 est.) |
|
Population below poverty line: |
25% (2002 est.) |
|
Household income or consumption by percentage
share: |
lowest 10%: 3.5%
highest 10%: 33.5% (1997) |
|
Distribution of family income - Gini index: |
37.8 (1997) |
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): |
4.2% (2004 est.) |
|
Labor force: |
482.2 million (2004 est.)
|
|
Labor force - by occupation: |
agriculture 60%, industry 17%,
services 23% (1999) |
|
Unemployment rate: |
9.2% (2004 est.) |
|
Budget: |
revenues: $67.3 billion
expenditures: $104 billion, including capital expenditures of
$13.5 billion (2004 est.) |
|
Public debt: |
59.7% of GDP (federal debt
only; state debt not included) (2004 est.) |
|
Agriculture - products: |
rice, wheat, oilseed, cotton,
jute, tea, sugarcane, potatoes; cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goats,
poultry; fish |
|
Industries: |
textiles, chemicals, food
processing, steel, transportation equipment, cement, mining, petroleum,
machinery, software |
|
Industrial production growth rate: |
7.4% (2004 est.) |
|
Electricity - production: |
547.2 billion kWh (2002) |
|
Electricity - production by source: |
fossil fuel: 81.7%
hydro: 14.5%
nuclear: 3.4%
other: 0.3%
(2001) |
|
Electricity - consumption: |
510.1 billion kWh (2002) |
|
Electricity - exports: |
350 million kWh (2002) |
|
Electricity - imports: |
1.54 billion kWh (2002) |
|
Oil - production: |
780,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)
|
|
Oil - consumption: |
2.13 million bbl/day (2001
est.) |
|
Oil - exports: |
NA |
|
Oil - imports: |
NA |
|
Oil - proved reserves: |
5.7 billion bbl (2004 est.)
|
|
Natural gas - production: |
22.75 billion cu m (2001 est.)
|
|
Natural gas - consumption: |
22.75 billion cu m (2001 est.)
|
|
Natural gas - exports: |
0 cu m (2001 est.) |
|
Natural gas - imports: |
0 cu m (2001 est.) |
|
Natural gas - proved reserves: |
542.4 billion cu m (2004)
|
|
Current account balance: |
$4.897 billion (2004 est.)
|
|
Exports: |
$69.18 billion f.o.b. (2004
est.) |
|
Exports - commodities: |
textile goods, gems and
jewelry, engineering goods, chemicals, leather manufactures |
|
Exports - partners: |
US 18.4%, China 7.8%, UAE 6.7%,
UK 4.8%, Hong Kong 4.3%, Germany 4% (2004) |
|
Imports: |
$89.33 billion f.o.b. (2004
est.) |
|
Imports - commodities: |
crude oil, machinery, gems,
fertilizer, chemicals |
|
Imports - partners: |
US 7%, Belgium 6.1%, China
5.9%, Singapore 4.8%, Australia 4.6%, UK 4.6%, Germany 4.5% (2004) |
|
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: |
$126 billion (2004 est.) |
|
Debt - external: |
$117.2 billion (2004 est.)
|
|
Economic aid - recipient: |
$2.9 billion (FY98/99) |
|
Currency: |
Indian rupee (INR) |
|
Currency code: |
INR |
|
Exchange rates: |
Indian rupees per US dollar -
45.317 (2004), 46.583 (2003), 48.61 (2002), 47.186 (2001), 44.942 (2000)
|
|
Fiscal year: |
1 April - 31 March
|
|
Telephones - main lines in use: |
48.917 million (2003) |
|
Telephones - mobile cellular: |
26,154,400 (2003) |
|
Telephone system: |
general assessment:
recent deregulation and liberalization of telecommunications laws and
policies have prompted rapid change; local and long distance service
provided throughout all regions of the country, with services primarily
concentrated in the urban areas; steady improvement is taking place with
the recent admission of private and private-public investors, but
telephone density remains low at about seven for each 100 persons
nationwide but only one per 100 persons in rural areas and a national
waiting list of over 1.7 million; fastest growth is in cellular service
with modest growth in fixed lines
domestic: expansion of
domestic service, although still weak in rural areas, resulted from
increased competition and dramatic reductions in price led in large part
by wireless service; mobile cellular service (both CDMA and GSM)
introduced in 1994 and organized nationwide into four metropolitan cities
and 19 telecom circles each with about three private service providers and
one state-owned service provider; in recent years significant trunk
capacity added in the form of fiber-optic cable and one of the world's
largest domestic satellite systems, the Indian National Satellite system
(INSAT), with five satellites supporting 33,000 very small aperture
terminals (VSAT)
international: country code - 91; satellite
earth stations - 8 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean
region); nine gateway exchanges operating from Mumbai (Bombay), New Delhi,
Kolkata (Calcutta), Chennai (Madras), Jalandhar, Kanpur, Gandhinagar,
Hyderabad, and Ernakulam; 5 submarine cables, including Sea-Me-We-3 with
landing sites at Cochin and Mumbai (Bombay), Fiber-Optic Link Around the
Globe (FLAG) with landing site at Mumbai (Bombay), South Africa - Far East
(SAFE) with landing site at Cochin, i2icn linking to Singapore with
landing sites at Mumbai (Bombay) and Chennai (Madras), and Tata Indicom
linking Singapore and Chennai (Madras), provide a significant increase in
the bandwidth available for both voice and data traffic (2004) |
|
Radio broadcast stations: |
AM 153, FM 91, shortwave 68
(1998) |
|
Radios: |
116 million (1997) |
|
Television broadcast stations: |
562 (of which 82 stations have
1 kW or greater power and 480 stations have less than 1 kW of power)
(1997) |
|
Televisions: |
63 million (1997) |
|
Internet country code: |
.in |
|
Internet hosts: |
86,871 (2003) |
|
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): |
43 (2000) |
|
Internet users: |
18.481 million (2003)
|
|
Railways: |
total: 63,140 km (15,994
km electrified)
broad gauge: 45,099 km 1.676-m gauge
narrow gauge: 14,776 km 1.000-m gauge; 3,265 km 0.762-m gauge
and 0.610-m gauge (2003) |
|
Highways: |
total: 2,525,989 km
paved: 1,448,655 km
unpaved: 1,077,334 km (1999)
|
|
Waterways: |
14,500 km
note:
5,200 km on major rivers and 485 km on canals suitable for mechanized
vessels (2004) |
|
Pipelines: |
gas 6,171 km; liquid petroleum
gas 1,195 km; oil 5,613 km; refined products 5,567 km (2004) |
|
Ports and harbors: |
Chennai (Madras), Cochin,
Jawaharal Nehru, Kandla, Kolkata (Calcutta), Mumbai (Bombay),
Vishakhapatnam |
|
Merchant marine: |
total: 299 ships (1,000
GRT or over) 6,555,507 GRT/11,069,791 DWT
by type: bulk carrier
85, cargo 75, chemical tanker 13, combination ore/oil 1, container 7,
liquefied gas 14, passenger 3, passenger/cargo 9, petroleum tanker 91,
roll on/roll off 1
foreign-owned: 10 (Australia 1, China 1,
Greece 1, UAE 6, United Kingdom 1)
registered in other
countries: 30 (2005) |
|
Airports: |
333 (2004 est.) |
|
Airports - with paved runways: |
total: 234
over
3,047 m: 14
2,438 to 3,047 m: 47
1,524 to 2,437
m: 78
914 to 1,523 m: 74
under 914 m: 21 (2004
est.) |
|
Airports - with unpaved runways: |
total: 99
2,438
to 3,047 m: 3
1,524 to 2,437 m: 9
914 to 1,523
m: 42
under 914 m: 45 (2004 est.) |
|
Heliports: |
20 (2004 est.) |
|
Military branches: |
Army, Navy (includes naval air
arm), Air Force, Coast Guard, various security or paramilitary forces
(includes Border Security Force, Assam Rifles, National Security Guards,
Indo-Tibetan Border Police, Special Frontier Force, Central Reserve Police
Force, Central Industrial Security Force, Railway Protection Force, and
Defense Security Corps) |
|
Military manpower - military age and obligation: |
16 years of age for voluntary
military service (2001) |
|
Military manpower - availability: |
males age 16-49:
287,551,111 (2005 est.) |
|
Military manpower - fit for military service: |
males age 16-49:
219,471,999 (2005 est.) |
|
Military manpower - reaching military age
annually: |
males: 11,446,452 (2005
est.) |
|
Military expenditures - dollar figure: |
$16.97 billion (2004) |
|
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: |
2.5% (2004) |
| Transnational Issues |
India |
|
Disputes - international: |
China and India launched a
security and foreign policy dialogue in 2005, consolidating discussions
related to the dispute over most of their rugged, militarized boundary,
regional nuclear proliferation, Indian claims that China transferred
missiles to Pakistan, and other matters; recent talks and
confidence-building measures have begun to defuse tensions over Kashmir,
site of the world's largest and most militarized territorial dispute with
portions under the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin), India
(Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas); in
2004, India and Pakistan instituted a cease fire in the Kashmir and in
2005, restored bus service across the highly militarized Line of Control;
Pakistan has taken its dispute on the impact and benefits of India's
building the Baglihar dam on the Chenab River in Jammu and Kashmir to the
World Bank for arbitration; UN Military Observer Group in India and
Pakistan (UNMOGIP) has maintained a small group of peacekeepers since
1949; India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to
China in 1964; disputes persist with Pakistan over Indus River water
sharing; to defuse tensions and prepare for discussions on a maritime
boundary, in 2004, India and Pakistan resurveyed a portion of the disputed
boundary in Sir Creek estuary at the mouth of the Rann of Kutch; Pakistani
maps continue to show Junagadh claim in Indian Gujarat State; discussions
with Bangladesh remain stalled to delimit a small section of river
boundary, to exchange 162 miniscule enclaves in both countries, to
allocate divided villages, and to stop illegal cross-border trade,
migration, violence, and transit of terrorists through the porous border;
Bangladesh protests India's attempts to fence off high-traffic sections;
dispute with Bangladesh over New Moore/South Talpatty/Purbasha Island in
the Bay of Bengal deters maritime boundary delimitation; India seeks
cooperation from Bhutan and Burma to keep Indian Nagaland and Assam
separatists from hiding in remote areas along the borders; Joint Border
Committee with Nepal continues to demarcate minor disputed boundary
sections; India has instituted a stricter border regime to keep out Maoist
insurgents and control illegal cross-border activities from Nepal |
|
Refugees and internally displaced persons: |
refugees (country of
origin): 92,394 (Tibet/China) 60,922 (Sri Lanka)
IDPs:
650,000 (Jammu and Kashmir conflicts; most IDPs are Kashmiri Hindus);
113,000 (resulting from 26 December 2004 tsunami) (2004) |
|
Illicit drugs: |
world's largest producer of
licit opium for the pharmaceutical trade, but an undetermined quantity of
opium is diverted to illicit international drug markets; transit point for
illicit narcotics produced in neighboring countries; illicit producer of
methaqualone; vulnerable to narcotics money laundering through the hawala
system |
|
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