 . JP - Japan
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Payable by
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Special Requirements:
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Japanese address and pre-configuration required.
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1 Year at 99.95
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Background: |
In 1603, a Tokugawa shogunate
(military dictatorship) ushered in a long period of isolation from foreign
influence in order to secure its power. For 250 years this policy enabled
Japan to enjoy stability and a flowering of its indigenous culture.
Following the Treaty of Kanagawa with the United States in 1854, Japan
opened its ports and began to intensively modernize and industrialize.
During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Japan became a regional
power that was able to defeat the forces of both China and Russia. It
occupied Korea, Formosa (Taiwan), and southern Sakhalin Island. In 1933
Japan occupied Manchuria and in 1937 it launched a full-scale invasion of
China. Japan attacked US forces in 1941 - triggering America's entry into
World War II - and soon occupied much of East and Southeast Asia. After
its defeat in World War II, Japan recovered to become an economic power
and a staunch ally of the US. While the emperor retains his throne as a
symbol of national unity, actual power rests in networks of powerful
politicians, bureaucrats, and business executives. The economy experienced
a major slowdown starting in the 1990s following three decades of
unprecedented growth, but Japan still remains a major economic power, both
in Asia and globally. In 2005, Japan began a two-year term as a
non-permanent member of the UN Security Council. |
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Location: |
Eastern Asia, island chain
between the North Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan, east of the Korean
Peninsula |
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Geographic coordinates: |
36 00 N, 138 00 E |
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Map references: |
Asia |
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Area: |
total: 377,835 sq km
land: 374,744 sq km
water: 3,091 sq km
note: includes Bonin Islands (Ogasawara-gunto), Daito-shoto,
Minami-jima, Okino-tori-shima, Ryukyu Islands (Nansei-shoto), and Volcano
Islands (Kazan-retto) |
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Area - comparative: |
slightly smaller than
California |
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Land boundaries: |
0 km |
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Coastline: |
29,751 km |
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Maritime claims: |
territorial sea: 12 nm;
between 3 nm and 12 nm in the international straits - La Perouse or Soya,
Tsugaru, Osumi, and Eastern and Western Channels of the Korea or Tsushima
Strait
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic
zone: 200 nm |
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Climate: |
varies from tropical in south
to cool temperate in north |
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Terrain: |
mostly rugged and mountainous
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Elevation extremes: |
lowest point:
Hachiro-gata -4 m
highest point: Mount Fuji 3,776 m |
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Natural resources: |
negligible mineral resources,
fish |
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Land use: |
arable land: 12.19%
permanent crops: 0.96%
other: 86.85% (2001) |
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Irrigated land: |
26,790 sq km (1998 est.) |
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Natural hazards: |
many dormant and some active
volcanoes; about 1,500 seismic occurrences (mostly tremors) every year;
tsunamis; typhoons |
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Environment - current issues: |
air pollution from power plant
emissions results in acid rain; acidification of lakes and reservoirs
degrading water quality and threatening aquatic life; Japan is one of the
largest consumers of fish and tropical timber, contributing to the
depletion of these resources in Asia and elsewhere |
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Environment - international agreements: |
party to:
Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources,
Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone
Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands, Whaling |
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Geography - note: |
strategic location in northeast
Asia |
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Population: |
127,417,244 (July 2005 est.)
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Age structure: |
0-14 years: 14.3% (male
9,328,584/female 8,866,772)
15-64 years: 66.2% (male
42,462,533/female 41,942,835)
65 years and over: 19.5% (male
10,435,284/female 14,381,236) (2005 est.) |
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Median age: |
total: 42.64 years
male: 40.87 years
female: 44.44 years (2005 est.)
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Population growth rate: |
0.05% (2005 est.) |
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Birth rate: |
9.47 births/1,000 population
(2005 est.) |
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Death rate: |
8.95 deaths/1,000 population
(2005 est.) |
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Net migration rate: |
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population
(2005 est.) |
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Sex ratio: |
at birth: 1.05
male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64
years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.73
male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2005
est.) |
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Infant mortality rate: |
total: 3.26 deaths/1,000
live births
male: 3.52 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 2.99 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.) |
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Life expectancy at birth: |
total population: 81.15
years
male: 77.86 years
female: 84.61 years (2005
est.) |
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Total fertility rate: |
1.39 children born/woman (2005
est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: |
less than 0.1% (2003 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: |
12,000 (2003 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - deaths: |
500 (2003 est.) |
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Nationality: |
noun: Japanese (singular
and plural)
adjective: Japanese |
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Ethnic groups: |
Japanese 99%, others 1% (Korean
511,262, Chinese 244,241, Brazilian 182,232, Filipino 89,851, other
237,914)
note: up to 230,000 Brazilians of Japanese origin
migrated to Japan in the 1990s to work in industries; some have returned
to Brazil (2004) |
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Religions: |
observe both Shinto and
Buddhist 84%, other 16% (including Christian 0.7%) |
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Languages: |
Japanese |
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Literacy: |
definition: age 15 and
over can read and write
total population: 99%
male:
99%
female: 99% (2002) |
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Country name: |
conventional long form:
none
conventional short form: Japan |
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Government type: |
constitutional monarchy with a
parliamentary government |
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Capital: |
Tokyo |
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Administrative divisions: |
47 prefectures; Aichi, Akita,
Aomori, Chiba, Ehime, Fukui, Fukuoka, Fukushima, Gifu, Gumma, Hiroshima,
Hokkaido, Hyogo, Ibaraki, Ishikawa, Iwate, Kagawa, Kagoshima, Kanagawa,
Kochi, Kumamoto, Kyoto, Mie, Miyagi, Miyazaki, Nagano, Nagasaki, Nara,
Niigata, Oita, Okayama, Okinawa, Osaka, Saga, Saitama, Shiga, Shimane,
Shizuoka, Tochigi, Tokushima, Tokyo, Tottori, Toyama, Wakayama, Yamagata,
Yamaguchi, Yamanashi |
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Independence: |
660 BC (traditional founding by
Emperor JIMMU) |
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National holiday: |
Birthday of Emperor AKIHITO, 23
December (1933) |
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Constitution: |
3 May 1947 |
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Legal system: |
modeled after European civil
law system with English-American influence; judicial review of legislative
acts in the Supreme Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with
reservations |
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Suffrage: |
20 years of age; universal
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Executive branch: |
chief of state: Emperor
AKIHITO (since 7 January 1989)
head of government: Prime
Minister Junichiro KOIZUMI (since 26 April 2001)
cabinet:
Cabinet appointed by the prime minister
elections: Diet
designates prime minister; constitution requires that prime minister
commands parliamentary majority; following legislative elections, leader
of majority party or leader of majority coalition in House of
Representatives usually becomes prime minister; KOIZUMI's term as leader
of the LDP is scheduled to end in September 2006; a new prime minister may
be chosen at that time; monarch is hereditary |
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Legislative branch: |
bicameral Diet or Kokkai
consists of the House of Councillors or Sangi-in (242 seats - members
elected for six-year terms; half reelected every three years; 144 members
in multi-seat constituencies and 98 by proportional representation) and
the House of Representatives or Shugi-in (480 seats - members elected for
four-year terms; 300 in single-seat constituencies; 180 members by
proportional representation in 11 regional blocs)
elections:
House of Councillors - last held 11 July 2004 (next to be held in July
2007); House of Representatives - last held 9 November 2003 (next election
by November 2007)
election results: House of Councillors -
percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - LDP 115, DPJ 82, Komeito
24, JCP 9, SDP 5, others 7; distribution of seats as of October 2004 - LDP
114, DPJ 84, Komeito 24, JCP 9, SDP 5, others 6
: House of
Representatives - percent of vote by party - LDP 49.38%, DPJ 36.88%,
Komeito 7.09%, JCP 1.88%, SDP 1.25%, NCP 0.84%; seats by party - LDP 237,
DPJ 177, Komeito 34, JCP 9, SDP 6, NCP 4, others 13
note:
distribution of seats as of December 2004: LDP 249, DPJ 177, Komeito 34,
JCP 9, SDP 6, others 3, vacant 2 (2004) |
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Judicial branch: |
Supreme Court (chief justice is
appointed by the monarch after designation by the cabinet; all other
justices are appointed by the cabinet) |
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Political parties and leaders: |
Democratic Party of Japan or
DPJ [Katsuya OKADA, leader; Tatsuo KAWABATA, secretary general]; Japan
Communist Party or JCP [Kazuo SHII, chairman; Tadayoshi ICHIDA, secretary
general]; Komeito [Takenori KANZAKI, president; Tetsuzo FUYUSHIBA,
secretary general]; Liberal Democratic Party or LDP [Junichiro KOIZUMI,
president; Tsutomu TAKEBE, secretary general]; Social Democratic Party or
SDP [Mizuho FUKUSHIMA, chairperson; Seiji MATAICHI, secretary general]
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Political pressure groups and leaders: |
NA |
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International organization participation: |
AfDB, APEC, APT, ARF, AsDB,
ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia Group, BIS, CE (observer), CERN
(observer), CP, EBRD, FAO, G-5, G-7, G-8, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAIA, MIGA, NAM (guest), NEA, NSG, OAS
(observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE (partner), Paris Club, PCA, UN, UN Security
Council (temporary), UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMOVIC,
UNRWA, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO, ZC |
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Diplomatic representation in the US: |
chief of mission:
Ambassador Ryozo KATO
chancery: 2520 Massachusetts Avenue NW,
Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 238-6700
FAX: [1] (202) 328-2187
consulate(s) general:
Anchorage, Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Denver, Detroit, Agana (Guam),
Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, Portland
(Oregon), San Francisco, and Seattle
consulate(s): Saipan
(Northern Mariana Islands) |
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Diplomatic representation from the US: |
chief of mission:
Ambassador Howard H. BAKER, Jr.
embassy: 10-5 Akasaka 1-chome,
Minato-ku, Tokyo 107-8420
mailing address: Unit 45004, Box 258,
APO AP 96337-5004
telephone: [81] (03) 3224-5000
FAX: [81] (03) 3505-1862
consulate(s) general: Naha
(Okinawa), Osaka-Kobe, Sapporo
consulate(s): Fukuoka, Nagoya
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Flag description: |
white with a large red disk
(representing the sun without rays) in the center |
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Economy - overview: |
Government-industry
cooperation, a strong work ethic, mastery of high technology, and a
comparatively small defense allocation (1% of GDP) helped Japan advance
with extraordinary rapidity to the rank of second most
technologically-powerful economy in the world after the US and
third-largest economy after the US and China, measured on a purchasing
power parity (PPP) basis. (Using market exhange rates rather than PPP
rates, Japan's economy is larger than China's.) One notable characteristic
of the economy is the working together of manufacturers, suppliers, and
distributors in closely-knit groups called keiretsu. A second basic
feature has been the guarantee of lifetime employment for a substantial
portion of the urban labor force. Both features are now eroding. Industry,
the most important sector of the economy, is heavily dependent on imported
raw materials and fuels. The tiny agricultural sector is highly subsidized
and protected, with crop yields among the highest in the world. Usually
self sufficient in rice, Japan must import about 50% of its requirements
of other grain and fodder crops. Japan maintains one of the world's
largest fishing fleets and accounts for nearly 15% of the global catch.
For three decades overall real economic growth had been spectacular: a 10%
average in the 1960s, a 5% average in the 1970s, and a 4% average in the
1980s. Growth slowed markedly in the 1990s, averaging just 1.7%, largely
because of the after effects of overinvestment during the late 1980s and
contractionary domestic policies intended to wring speculative excesses
from the stock and real estate markets. From 2000 to 2003, government
efforts to revive economic growth met with little success and were further
hampered by the slowing of the US, European, and Asian economies. In 2004,
growth improved and the lingering fears of deflation in prices and
economic activity lessened. Japan's huge government debt, which totals
more than 160% of GDP, and the aging of the population are two major
long-run problems. A rise in taxes could be viewed as endangering the
revival of growth. Robotics constitutes a key long-term economic strength
with Japan possessing 410,000 of the world's 720,000 "working robots."
Internal conflict over the proper way to reform the ailing banking system
continues. |
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GDP: |
purchasing power parity -
$3.745 trillion (2004 est.) |
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GDP - real growth rate: |
2.9% (2004 est.) |
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GDP - per capita: |
purchasing power parity -
$29,400 (2004 est.) |
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GDP - composition by sector: |
agriculture: 1.3%
industry: 24.7%
services: 74.1% (2004 est.) |
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Investment (gross fixed): |
24% of GDP (2004 est.) |
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Population below poverty line: |
NA |
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Household income or consumption by percentage
share: |
lowest 10%: 4.8%
highest 10%: 21.7% (1993) |
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Distribution of family income - Gini index: |
24.9 (1993) |
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Inflation rate (consumer prices): |
-0.1% (2004 est.) |
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Labor force: |
66.97 million (2004 est.)
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Labor force - by occupation: |
agriculture 5%, industry 25%,
services 70% (2002 est.) |
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Unemployment rate: |
4.7% (2004 est.) |
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Budget: |
revenues: $1.401
trillion
expenditures: $1.748 trillion, including capital
expenditures (public works only) of about $71 billion (2004 est.) |
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Public debt: |
164.3% of GDP (2004 est.)
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Agriculture - products: |
rice, sugar beets, vegetables,
fruit, pork, poultry, dairy products, eggs, fish |
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Industries: |
among world's largest and
technologically advanced producers of motor vehicles, electronic
equipment, machine tools, steel and nonferrous metals, ships, chemicals,
textiles, processed foods |
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Industrial production growth rate: |
6.6% (2004 est.) |
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Electricity - production: |
1.044 trillion kWh (2002)
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Electricity - production by source: |
fossil fuel: 60%
hydro: 8.4%
nuclear: 29.8%
other: 1.8%
(2001) |
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Electricity - consumption: |
971 billion kWh (2002) |
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Electricity - exports: |
0 kWh (2002) |
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Electricity - imports: |
0 kWh (2002) |
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Oil - production: |
17,330 bbl/day (2001 est.)
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Oil - consumption: |
5.29 million bbl/day (2001
est.) |
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Oil - exports: |
93,360 bbl/day (2001) |
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Oil - imports: |
5.449 million bbl/day (2001)
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Oil - proved reserves: |
29.29 million bbl (1 January
2002) |
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Natural gas - production: |
2.519 billion cu m (2001 est.)
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Natural gas - consumption: |
80.42 billion cu m (2001 est.)
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Natural gas - exports: |
0 cu m (2001 est.) |
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Natural gas - imports: |
77.73 billion cu m (2001 est.)
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Natural gas - proved reserves: |
20.02 billion cu m (1 January
2002) |
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Current account balance: |
$170.2 billion (2004 est.)
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Exports: |
$538.8 billion f.o.b. (2004
est.) |
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Exports - commodities: |
transport equipment, motor
vehicles, semiconductors, electrical machinery, chemicals |
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Exports - partners: |
US 22.7%, China 13.1%, South
Korea 7.8%, Taiwan 7.4%, Hong Kong 6.3% (2004) |
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Imports: |
$401.8 billion f.o.b. (2004
est.) |
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Imports - commodities: |
machinery and equipment, fuels,
foodstuffs, chemicals, textiles, raw materials (2001) |
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Imports - partners: |
China 20.7%, US 14%, South
Korea 4.9%, Australia 4.3%, Indonesia 4.1%, Saudi Arabia 4.1%, UAE 4%
(2004) |
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Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: |
$664.6 billion (2003) |
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Debt - external: |
NA (2002 est.) |
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Economic aid - donor: |
ODA, $7.9 billion (FY03/04)
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Currency: |
yen (JPY) |
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Currency code: |
JPY |
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Exchange rates: |
yen per US dollar - 108.19
(2004), 115.93 (2003), 125.39 (2002), 121.53 (2001), 107.77 (2000) |
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Fiscal year: |
1 April - 31 March
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Telephones - main lines in use: |
71.149 million (2002) |
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Telephones - mobile cellular: |
86,658,600 (2003) |
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Telephone system: |
general assessment:
excellent domestic and international service
domestic: high
level of modern technology and excellent service of every kind
international: country code - 81; satellite earth stations - 5
Intelsat (4 Pacific Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), 1 Intersputnik (Indian
Ocean region), and 1 Inmarsat (Pacific and Indian Ocean regions);
submarine cables to China, Philippines, Russia, and US (via Guam) (1999)
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Radio broadcast stations: |
AM 215 plus 370 repeaters, FM
89 plus 485 repeaters, shortwave 21 (2001) |
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Radios: |
120.5 million (1997) |
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Television broadcast stations: |
211 plus 7,341 repeaters
note: in addition, US Forces are served by 3 TV stations and 2
TV cable services (1999) |
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Televisions: |
86.5 million (1997) |
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Internet country code: |
.jp |
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Internet hosts: |
12,962,065 (2003) |
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Internet Service Providers (ISPs): |
73 (2000) |
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Internet users: |
57.2 million (2002)
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Railways: |
total: 23,705 km (16,519
km electrified)
standard gauge: 3,204 km 1.435-m gauge (3,204
km electrified)
narrow gauge: 77 km 1.372-m gauge (77 km
electrified); 20,393 km 1.067-m gauge (13,227 km electrified); 31 km
0.762-m gauge (11 km electrified) (2003) |
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Highways: |
total: 1,171,647 km
paved: 903,340 km (including 6,851 km of expressways)
unpaved: 268,307 km (2001) |
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Waterways: |
1,770 km (seagoing vessels use
inland seas) (2004) |
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Pipelines: |
gas 2,719 km; oil 170 km;
oil/gas/water 60 km (2004) |
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Ports and harbors: |
Akita, Amagasaki, Chiba,
Hachinohe, Hakodate, Higashi-Harima, Himeji, Hiroshima, Kawasaki, Kinuura,
Kobe, Kushiro, Mizushima, Moji, Nagoya, Osaka, Sakai, Sakaide, Shimizu,
Tokyo, Tomakomai |
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Merchant marine: |
total: 702 ships (1,000
GRT or over) 10,149,196 GRT/12,680,544 DWT
by type: bulk
carrier 136, cargo 29, chemical tanker 23, container 13, liquefied gas 53,
passenger 16, passenger/cargo 157, petroleum tanker 160, refrigerated
cargo 4, roll on/roll off 52, vehicle carrier 59
registered in
other countries: 2,233 (2005) |
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Airports: |
174 (2004 est.) |
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Airports - with paved runways: |
total: 143
over
3,047 m: 7
2,438 to 3,047 m: 37
1,524 to 2,437
m: 39
914 to 1,523 m: 28
under 914 m: 32 (2004
est.) |
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Airports - with unpaved runways: |
total: 31
over
3047 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 4
under 914 m: 26
(2004 est.) |
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Heliports: |
15 (2004 est.) |
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Military branches: |
Ground Self-Defense Force
(Army), Maritime Self-Defense Force (Navy), Air Self-Defense Force (Air
Force) |
|
Military manpower - military age and obligation: |
18 years of age for voluntary
military service (2001) |
|
Military manpower - availability: |
males age 18-49:
27,003,112 (2005 est.) |
|
Military manpower - fit for military service: |
males age 18-49:
22,234,663 (2005 est.) |
|
Military manpower - reaching military age
annually: |
males: 683,147 (2005
est.) |
|
Military expenditures - dollar figure: |
$45.841 billion (2004) |
|
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: |
1% (2004) |
| Transnational Issues |
Japan |
|
Disputes - international: |
the sovereignty dispute over
the islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri, and Shikotan, and the Habomai group,
known in Japan as the "Northern Territories" and in Russia as the
"Southern Kuril Islands", occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now
administered by Russia and claimed by Japan, remains the primary sticking
point to signing a peace treaty formally ending World War II hostilities;
Japan and South Korea claim Liancourt Rocks (Take-shima/Tok-do), occupied
by South Korea since 1954; China and Taiwan dispute both Japan's claims to
the uninhabited islands of the Senkaku-shoto (Diaoyu Tai) and Japan's
unilaterally declared exclusive economic zone in the East China Sea, the
site of intensive hydrocarbon prospecting |
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