 .LU - Luxembourg
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Background: |
Founded in 963, Luxembourg
became a grand duchy in 1815 and an independent state under the
Netherlands. It lost more than half of its territory to Belgium in 1839,
but gained a larger measure of autonomy. Full independence was attained in
1867. Overrun by Germany in both World Wars, it ended its neutrality in
1948 when it entered into the Benelux Customs Union and when it joined
NATO the following year. In 1957, Luxembourg became one of the six
founding countries of the European Economic Community (later the European
Union), and in 1999 it joined the euro currency area. |
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Location: |
Western Europe, between France
and Germany |
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Geographic coordinates: |
49 45 N, 6 10 E |
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Map references: |
Europe |
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Area: |
total: 2,586 sq km
land: 2,586 sq km
water: 0 sq km |
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Area - comparative: |
slightly smaller than Rhode
Island |
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Land boundaries: |
total: 359 km
border countries: Belgium 148 km, France 73 km, Germany 138 km
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Coastline: |
0 km (landlocked) |
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Maritime claims: |
none (landlocked) |
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Climate: |
modified continental with mild
winters, cool summers |
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Terrain: |
mostly gently rolling uplands
with broad, shallow valleys; uplands to slightly mountainous in the north;
steep slope down to Moselle flood plain in the southeast |
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Elevation extremes: |
lowest point: Moselle
River 133 m
highest point: Buurgplaatz 559 m |
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Natural resources: |
iron ore (no longer exploited),
arable land |
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Land use: |
arable land: 23.94%
permanent crops: 0.39%
other: 75.67% (includes
Belgium) (2005) |
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Irrigated land: |
40 sq km (includes Belgium)
(1998 est.) |
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Natural hazards: |
NA |
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Environment - current issues: |
air and water pollution in
urban areas, soil pollution of farmland |
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Environment - international agreements: |
party to: Air Pollution,
Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air
Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection,
Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification |
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Geography - note: |
landlocked; the only Grand
Duchy in the world |
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Population: |
474,413 (July 2006 est.) |
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Age structure: |
0-14 years: 18.9% (male
46,118/female 43,356)
15-64 years: 66.5% (male 159,498/female
156,075)
65 years and over: 14.6% (male 28,027/female 41,339)
(2006 est.) |
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Median age: |
total: 38.7 years
male: 37.7 years
female: 39.7 years (2006 est.)
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Population growth rate: |
1.23% (2006 est.) |
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Birth rate: |
11.94 births/1,000 population
(2006 est.) |
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Death rate: |
8.41 deaths/1,000 population
(2006 est.) |
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Net migration rate: |
8.75 migrant(s)/1,000
population (2006 est.) |
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Sex ratio: |
at birth: 1.07
male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64
years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.68
male(s)/female
total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2006
est.) |
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Infant mortality rate: |
total: 4.74 deaths/1,000
live births
male: 4.73 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.76 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.) |
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Life expectancy at birth: |
total population: 78.89
years
male: 75.6 years
female: 82.38 years (2006
est.) |
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Total fertility rate: |
1.78 children born/woman (2006
est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: |
0.2% (2001 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: |
less than 500 (2003 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - deaths: |
less than 100 (2003 est.)
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Nationality: |
noun: Luxembourger(s)
adjective: Luxembourg |
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Ethnic groups: |
Celtic base (with French and
German blend), Portuguese, Italian, Slavs (from Montenegro, Albania, and
Kosovo) and European (guest and resident workers) |
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Religions: |
87% Roman Catholic, 13%
Protestants, Jews, and Muslims (2000) |
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Languages: |
Luxembourgish (national
language), German (administrative language), French (administrative
language) |
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Literacy: |
definition: age 15 and
over can read and write
total population: 100%
male:
100%
female: 100% (2000 est.) |
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Country name: |
conventional long form:
Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
conventional short form: Luxembourg
local long form: Grand Duche de Luxembourg
local short
form: Luxembourg |
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Government type: |
constitutional monarchy |
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Capital: |
Luxembourg |
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Administrative divisions: |
3 districts; Diekirch,
Grevenmacher, Luxembourg |
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Independence: |
1839 (from the Netherlands)
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National holiday: |
National Day (Birthday of Grand
Duchess Charlotte) 23 June |
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Constitution: |
17 October 1868; occasional
revisions |
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Legal system: |
based on civil law system;
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction |
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Suffrage: |
18 years of age; universal and
compulsory |
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Executive branch: |
chief of state: Grand
Duke HENRI (since 7 October 2000); Heir Apparent Prince GUILLAUME (son of
the monarch, born 11 November 1981)
head of government: Prime
Minister Jean-Claude JUNCKER (since 1 January 1995) and Vice Prime
Minister Jean ASSELBORN (since 31 July 2004)
cabinet: Council
of Ministers recommended by the prime minister and appointed by the
monarch
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; following
popular elections to the Chamber of Deputies, the leader of the majority
party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually appointed prime
minister by the monarch; the deputy prime minister is appointed by the
monarch; they are responsible to the Chamber of Deputies
note:
government coalition - CSV and LSAP |
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Legislative branch: |
unicameral Chamber of Deputies
or Chambre des Deputes (60 seats; members are elected by direct popular
vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 13 June
2004 (next to be held by June 2009)
election results: percent
of vote by party - CSV 36.1%, LSAP 23.4%, DP 16.1%, Green Party 11.6%, ADR
10%; seats by party - CSV 24, LSAP 14, DP 10, Green Party 7, ADR 5
note: there is also a Council of State that serves as an
advisory body to the Chamber of Deputies; the Council of State has 21
members appointed by the Grand Duke on the advice of the prime minister
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Judicial branch: |
judicial courts and tribunals
(3 Justices of the Peace, 2 district courts, and 1 Supreme Court of
Appeals); administrative courts and tribunals (State Prosecutor's Office,
administrative courts and tribunals, and the Constitutional Court); judges
for all courts are appointed for life by the monarch |
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Political parties and leaders: |
Action Committee for Democracy
and Justice or ADR [Gast GIBERYEN]; Christian Social People's Party or CSV
(also known as Christian Social Party or PCS) [Francois BILTGEN];
Democratic Party or DP [Claude MEISCH]; Green Party [Francois BAUSCH];
Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party or LSAP [Alex BODRY]; Marxist and
Reformed Communist Party dei Lenk/la Gauche (the Left) [no formal
leadership]; other minor parties |
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Political pressure groups and leaders: |
ABBL (bankers' association);
ALEBA (financial sector trade union); Centrale Paysanne (federation of
agricultural producers); CEP (professional sector chamber); CGFP (trade
union representing civil service); Chambre de Commerce (Chamber of
Commerce); Chambre des Metiers (Chamber of Artisans); FEDIL (federation of
industrialists); Greenpeace (environment protection); LCGP (center-right
trade union); Mouvement Ecologique (protection of ecology); OGBL
(center-left trade union) |
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International organization participation: |
ACCT, AsDB, Australia Group,
Benelux, CE, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,
ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol,
IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF,
OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNRWA, UPU, WCL, WCO,
WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC |
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Diplomatic representation in the US: |
chief of mission:
Ambassador Joseph WEYLAND
chancery: 2200 Massachusetts Avenue
NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 265-4171
FAX: [1] (202) 328-8270
consulate(s) general: New
York, San Francisco |
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Diplomatic representation from the US: |
chief of mission:
Ambassador Ann WAGNER
embassy: 22 Boulevard Emmanuel Servais,
L-2535 Luxembourg City
mailing address: American Embassy
Luxembourg, Unit 1410, APO AE 09126-1410 (official mail); American Embassy
Luxembourg, PSC 9, Box 9500, APO AE 09123 (personal mail)
telephone: [352] 46 01 23
FAX: [352] 46 14 01 |
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Flag description: |
three equal horizontal bands of
red (top), white, and light blue; similar to the flag of the Netherlands,
which uses a darker blue and is shorter; design was based on the flag of
France |
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Economy - overview: |
This stable, high-income
economy - benefitting from its proximity to France, Belgium, and Germany -
features solid growth, low inflation, and low unemployment. The industrial
sector, initially dominated by steel, has become increasingly diversified
to include chemicals, rubber, and other products. Growth in the financial
sector, which now accounts for about 28% of GDP, has more than compensated
for the decline in steel. Most banks are foreign-owned and have extensive
foreign dealings. Agriculture is based on small family-owned farms. The
economy depends on foreign and cross-border workers for more than 30% of
its labor force. Although Luxembourg, like all EU members, has suffered
from the global economic slump, the country enjoys an extraordinarily high
standard of living - GDP per capita ranks first in the world. |
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GDP (purchasing power parity): |
$29.43 billion (2005 est.)
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GDP (official exchange rate): |
$31.96 billion (2005 est.)
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GDP - real growth rate: |
3.5% (2005 est.) |
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GDP - per capita (PPP): |
$55,600 (2005 est.) |
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GDP - composition by sector: |
agriculture: 1%
industry: 13%
services: 86% (2005 est.) |
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Labor force: |
316,500 of whom 121,600 are
foreign cross-border workers commuting primarily from France, Belgium, and
Germany (2005 est.) |
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Labor force - by occupation: |
agriculture 1%, industry 13%,
services 86% (2004 est.) |
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Unemployment rate: |
4.9% (2005 est.) |
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Population below poverty line: |
NA% |
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Household income or consumption by percentage
share: |
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA% |
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Inflation rate (consumer prices): |
3.6% (2005 est.) |
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Investment (gross fixed): |
19.7% of GDP (2005 est.) |
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Budget: |
revenues: $9.195 billion
expenditures: $9.573 billion; including capital expenditures of
$975.5 million (2005 est.) |
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Agriculture - products: |
wine, grapes, barley, oats,
potatoes, wheat, fruits; dairy products, livestock products |
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Industries: |
banking and financial services,
iron and steel, information technology, telecommunications, cargo
transportation, food processing, chemicals, metal products, engineering,
tires, glass, aluminum, tourism |
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Industrial production growth rate: |
4.4% (2005 est.) |
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Electricity - production: |
3.203 billion kWh (2005 est.)
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Electricity - production by source: |
fossil fuel: 57.3%
hydro: 25.2%
nuclear: 0%
other: 17.5%
(2001) |
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Electricity - consumption: |
6.14 billion kWh (2005 est.)
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Electricity - exports: |
2.346 billion kWh (2005 est.)
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Electricity - imports: |
5.287 billion kWh (2005 est.)
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Oil - production: |
0 bbl/day (2003 est.) |
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Oil - consumption: |
55,700 bbl/day (2003 est.)
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Oil - exports: |
634 bbl/day (2001) |
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Oil - imports: |
50,700 bbl/day (2001) |
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Natural gas - production: |
0 cu m (2003 est.) |
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Natural gas - consumption: |
1.205 billion cu m (2003 est.)
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Natural gas - exports: |
0 cu m (2001 est.) |
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Natural gas - imports: |
867 million cu m (2001 est.)
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Exports: |
$13.39 billion f.o.b. (2005
est.) |
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Exports - commodities: |
machinery and equipment, steel
products, chemicals, rubber products, glass |
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Exports - partners: |
Germany 22.2%, France 19.8%,
Belgium 10%, UK 8.5%, Italy 7.3%, Spain 6%, Netherlands 4.3% (2004) |
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Imports: |
$18.74 billion c.i.f. (2005
est.) |
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Imports - commodities: |
minerals, metals, foodstuffs,
quality consumer goods |
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Imports - partners: |
Belgium 29.8%, Germany 22.6%,
China 12.6%, France 12%, Netherlands 4.2% (2004) |
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Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: |
$173.5 million (2005 est.)
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Debt - external: |
$NA |
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Economic aid - donor: |
ODA, $235.59 million (2004)
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Currency (code): |
euro (EUR)
note: on
1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the euro as a
common currency to be used by financial institutions of member countries;
on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole currency for everyday
transactions within the member countries |
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Currency code: |
EUR |
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Exchange rates: |
euros per US dollar - 0.8041
(2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001) |
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Fiscal year: |
calendar year |
| Communications |
Luxembourg |
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Telephones - main lines in use: |
360,100 (2003) |
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Telephones - mobile cellular: |
539,000 (2003) |
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Telephone system: |
general assessment:
highly developed, completely automated and efficient system, mainly buried
cables
domestic: nationwide cellular telephone system; buried
cable
international: country code - 352; 3 channels leased on
TAT-6 coaxial submarine cable (Europe to North America) |
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Radio broadcast stations: |
AM 2, FM 9, shortwave 2 (1999)
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Radios: |
285,000 (1997) |
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Television broadcast stations: |
5 (1999) |
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Televisions: |
285,000 (1998 est.) |
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Internet country code: |
.lu |
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Internet hosts: |
70,465 (2005) |
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Internet Service Providers (ISPs): |
8 (2000) |
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Internet users: |
270,800 (2005) |
| Transportation |
Luxembourg |
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Airports: |
2 (2005) |
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Airports - with paved runways: |
total: 1
over
3,047 m: 1 (2005) |
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Airports - with unpaved runways: |
total: 1
under
914 m: 1 (2005) |
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Heliports: |
1 (2005) |
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Pipelines: |
gas 155 km (2004) |
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Railways: |
total: 274 km
standard gauge: 274 km 1.435-m gauge (242 km electrified)
(2004) |
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Roadways: |
total: 5,210 km
paved: 5,210 km (including 147 km of expressways) (2002) |
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Waterways: |
37 km (on Moselle River) (2003)
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Merchant marine: |
total: 41 ships (1000
GRT or over) 509,517 GRT/517,644 DWT
by type: chemical tanker
15, container 6, liquefied gas 2, passenger 3, petroleum tanker 4, roll
on/roll off 11
foreign-owned: 41 (Belgium 15, Finland 3, France
9, Germany 8, Netherlands 3, US 3) (2005) |
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Ports and terminals: |
Mertert |
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Military branches: |
Army |
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Military service age and obligation: |
a 1967 law made the Army an
all-volunteer force; 17 years of age for voluntary military service;
soldiers under 18 are not deployed into combat or with peacekeeping
missions (2004) |
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Manpower available for military service: |
males age 17-49: 110,867
(2005 est.) |
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Manpower fit for military service: |
males age 17-49: 90,279
(2005 est.) |
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Manpower reaching military service age annually: |
males: 2,775 (2005 est.)
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Military expenditures - dollar figure: |
$231.6 million (2003) |
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Military expenditures - percent of GDP: |
0.9% (2003) |
| Transnational Issues |
Luxembourg |
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Disputes - international: |
none |
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